Methodological recommendations “How to work with a scientific text. Basic rules for working with yeast dough

Microsoft Word is the most important and essential tool for any office job. And the number of functions that it has will shock any person. We have selected 20 tips that will help you simplify your work with Word and automate some routine tasks. You can read similar material for Excel.

Insert date and time

You can quickly insert a date using the key combination Shift + Alt + D. The date will be inserted in the format DD.MM.YY. The same operation can be done over time using the combination Shift + Alt + T.

Fast register change

If you do not yet own the blind typing method, then CAPS LOCK can play a trick on you. By accidentally turning it on and not looking at the screen, you can type a mountain of text that will have to be deleted and rewritten from scratch due to one pressed button. But by selecting the desired text and pressing Shift + F3, you will change the case from uppercase to lowercase.

Cursor acceleration

Usually, if you move the cursor with the arrows, it moves one letter at a time. To speed up its movement, hold down the Ctrl key together with the arrow.

Selecting fragments of text located in different places

A very useful feature that allows you to highlight inconsistent pieces of text. Hold Ctrl and select the pieces of text you need.

Clipboard

If you use copy and paste (and you probably use them), then most likely you know about the extended clipboard in Word. If not, then it is called by pressing the button of the same name and shows everything that you copied to the buffer during the work.

Quick screenshots

If you are doing a manual, a service review, or you just need to paste a screenshot into Word, this can be done very simply using the appropriate tool. Click the Snapshot button and Word will show all active windows. By clicking on any of them, you will get a screenshot of this window.

Hyphenation

Turning on hyphens can improve the readability of your text, as well as getting rid of long blank spaces between words. You can arrange them yourself or entrust it to the computer. The button is located in the menu "Page layout" - "Hyphenation".

Watermark

You can add a watermark to your document for added protection. To do this, go to the "Design" menu and select "Underlay". Word has four standard templates, you can also create your own.

Repeat previous command

A very useful feature that allows you to duplicate the last command. If you press F4, then Word will repeat the last command you made. This can be text input, consecutive deletion of several lines, applying styles to different sections of text, and much more.

Stress setting

Putting emphasis in Word is easy. To do this, place the cursor after the letter that should be accented, and hold down the key combination Alt + 769. Important: the numbers must be pressed on the numeric keypad on the right.

Ribbon customization

The top ribbon with buttons can be very flexibly customized. To do this, go to the menu "File" - "Options" - "Customize Ribbon". Here you can add features that were not there before, and remove those that are not needed. Moreover, you can delete or create your own tabs with functions.

Quick selection of a large piece of text

To quickly select a large piece of text, place the cursor at its beginning and click with the mouse while holding Shift at the end of the fragment. It will save time and nerves in situations where you have to select several sheets at once.

Fast document navigation

There are several combinations that greatly speed up document navigation:

1. Ctrl + Alt + Page Down - next page;
2. Ctrl + Alt + Page Up - previous page;
3. Ctrl + Home - move to the top of the document;
4. Ctrl + End - guess for yourself. :)

Inserting a new page

How I hate myself for not knowing this combination before. Ctrl + Enter allows you to instantly create a new leaf, rather than holding Enter with one hand while brewing tea with the other.

Changing the default save folder

By default, Word saves all files to the Documents folder. In order to change this, go to the menu "File" - "Options" - "Save". In the line "Location of local files by default" select the folder you need. In the same menu, you can set the default document format, autosave, and more.

Source Formatting

In order to return the text to its original formatting, you need to press the key combination Ctrl + Spacebar.

Word as a task manager

If you're a big fan of Microsoft and Word in particular, you can even use it as a task manager. True, to begin with, you have to try a little. Right-click on the features ribbon at the top and select Customize Ribbon. In the right column, enable the only disabled Developer tab.

Go to the "Developer" tab that appears and find the "Checkbox" element, which shows a checkmark (why not). Now, by clicking on the checkbox, you can create lists of tasks and mark them as completed.

Vertical selection of text

If you accidentally mess up your list, you can highlight the text vertically. To do this, hold Alt and use the mouse cursor to select.

Protecting a document with a password

It doesn't even need to be said why. In our age, when information has become the main weapon, it never hurts to have additional protection. To protect a document with a password, go to the "File" tab and select the "Protect Document" option. Now feel free to create a password, but remember that if you forget it, you will not be able to recover it.

The fastest way to open Word

Rounding out our list is an incredible hack. If before, in order to open Word, you created a new document or searched for it in the Start menu, now this is a thing of the past. Press the key combination Windows + R and enter in the window that appears winword. If you don't use the command line for other commands, then the next time you press Windows + R, the command to start Word will automatically load and you just need to press Enter.

Do you have ways to make working with Word easier? I'm sure there is. Share them in the comments!

How to teach a student

work independently with the text of the KRK textbook.

One of the solutions to this problem is the organization of systematic work with the KKK textbook at each lesson and at home in three stages: before reading, during reading and after reading. The skills and abilities of working with a book are subsequently designed to help each child in successful self-education.

Stage 1: work before reading.

Work with the heading of a paragraph or chapter. At this stage, it is necessary to internally include each child in reading. A big “plus” in working with the book will be if it is not difficult for students to tell about what will be studied today by the title. When “parsing” the heading, students may have a desire for certain knowledge. All this preliminary work should set the students up for further acquisition of knowledge, i.e., it should serve as an internal motive and then help the students to highlight the main thing in the text. The main technique that a teacher can use at this stage of working with a book is the “Idea Bank” technique, where students “add” their thoughts about what will be studied in the lesson today. At the same time, the teacher hangs out the prepared records of the students' statements on the board (or writes them down) in order to check at the end of the lesson whether the hypotheses put forward by them are correct or not. This technique will teach students to put forward research hypotheses and determine whether they are proven or refuted, which is very important for the formation of students' research skills when working with literature.

The teacher needs to show at the very first lessons how to expressively read the text, formulate the rules, and in the future, constantly achieve the same expressive reading from the students. Such a highlighting of the main should teach children to first see the semantic parts, the key points of the paragraph, and then find and highlight them in the text of the textbook.

Stage 2: while reading.

Direct work with the textbook, reading itself. It must be emphasized here that working with a textbook must necessarily pursue a specific goal, which the teacher first tells the students, and later they themselves will begin to set themselves the goals of reading the textbook, paragraph, chapter.

Main goals Reading a textbook paragraph can be: getting to know the information contained in the selected fragment of the text, understanding the information, memorizing, using information in various educational and life situations, confirming what you have learned or what you knew before, finding examples, confirming scientific facts, working with illustrations.

Depending on the goal, the teacher should organize the reading of the paragraph in one of the ways. Reading Ways:

forward reading,

In-depth reading (for example, when working independently),

selective reading,

Reading-scanning (find examples that confirm this or that fact reported by the teacher),

Reading aloud

Reading to yourself

Reading by roles (further reading),

Reading-study,

Selective reading, viewing.

Working with the book, for a better understanding of the text:

dialogue with the text, questions to the text, putting forward hypotheses and testing them, self-control, filling in the gaps in the text, working with examples, writing out and underlining, highlighting the main thing, drawing up a plan, taking notes, drawing up diagrams, drawings and tables.

The dialogue with the book should be a full-fledged conversation, it is necessary that students have questions when reading. To do this, a consultation lesson is possible, in which children perform one or another amount of work with the help of a textbook, and the teacher acts as a consultant or a discussion lesson, in which students discuss a fragment of the read paragraph of the textbook based on the teacher's questions and independently compose questions to the text. In order to teach students to compose questions to the text themselves, the teacher should, after reading parts of the text, ask questions himself: “What is new in this fragment of the text? What words are not clear? What seems to be the most important? What do you need to remember?" You can use several techniques for working with the text of the textbook.

When doing homework, you must first repeat the explanatory text of the textbook and the answers to questions to it, and only after that proceed with the written assignment.

- With each class, the techniques for working with text become more complicated. Drawing up a plan, theses, should start from the 7th grade, and note-taking, citing - from the 8th-9th grades. It should not be taken literally that children move into the 7th grade and begin to make a plan. No, in the 7th grade, this technique should become the main one when working with the text, and in the previous classes, preliminary work should be carried out that will help students quickly and easily plan paragraphs of CRK textbooks.

When reading a textbook, it is necessary to teach students to make notes (pencil!), notes or extracts. The student can write down "ambiguities" in a notebook. These notes can later become the headings of future plans, abstracts, abstracts and comments for discussing issues. Also, extracts make it easier to memorize the text. With them it will be more convenient to compare the texts of several textbooks or study guides. All these are the first skills to perform research work. Another way to take notes without ruining books is through transparent loose leaflets. They are more convenient to use for the analysis of maps, charts and graphs. The use of these slip sheets allows you to note the necessary details, supplying the illustration in the book with its own elements. Also, with the help of these sheets, key words in the text are marked and underlined. Here you can conduct a lesson on instilling the skills of finding key points. During class work with the textbook, students sitting on the first option review and underline the key points in one paragraph, and those sitting on the second option - in the second. Then the students change their transparent sheets and check the correctness of the assignment by a desk mate.

- Making a reading plan. A well-designed plan speaks of the final result, the ability to analyze the text, the degree of assimilation of the content. A plan is a short record that conveys the meaning of a voluminous text. It reflects the sequence of presentation and generalizes the material presented in the textbook, reveals its content. According to the plan, it will be easy for students to recall the content of what they have read. When working with a plan, attention is focused and memory is stimulated.

- The table of contents is the same plan. At the first lessons of the KRK in grade 5, you can play a game where the teacher or one of the students guess the name of the paragraph and inform the students. The rest of the students, in turn, must quickly find the intended paragraph or paragraph using the table of contents by reading a few lines from it. This technique develops attentiveness, speed of reaction.

An important way to write down what you read, especially for high school students, is note-taking. Abstracts can be classified depending on the purpose of the work: planned, textual, free, thematic, overview thematic, chronological. It is also important that the abstract could be used not only by those who compiled it, but also by other students.

Compilation of abstracts. Abstracts - this is the most important thing that is contained in the paragraph of the textbook. This is also a position that absorbs the essence of a significant part of the text, what the author proves or refutes, what he seeks to convince the reader of. Abstracts are valuable for critical analysis of the text. When they are used, the essence of the issue is accentuated or sharpened.

Stage 3: work after reading.

After reading a paragraph or chapter from a textbook, students must express their attitude, their opinion, their thoughts about what they have read, give their own description, and give their examples. It is important that students can compare what they read with what they already know. At this stage of working with the book, it is necessary to return to the title and check the hypotheses put forward before reading.

You can use several techniques for working with the text of the textbook. For example, the game "Guess!". The class is divided into 2 teams: one says the words tags related to a particular paragraph or paragraph sentence (any three words), and the second must quickly find this information in the text of the textbook.

According to the plan, abstracts, and notes drawn up at the second stage, students must repeatedly reproduce the material they read. After reading, processing text and taking notes, students should move on to summarizing in the form of diagrams, tables and figures.

Work with a paragraph of the KRK textbook for students in grades 5-6.

1. Read the heading and try to answer the question: "What will be discussed in this paragraph?".

2. Look through the text of the paragraph, paying attention to illustrations, rules, examples.

3. Read the text. Establish a connection between text and illustrations, rules, examples discussed earlier.

4. How is the main thing highlighted in the text?

5. Give your examples to the text.

6. Divide the text into semantic parts. How many did they get?

7. Name the parts of the text and make a plan.

8. Complete the task in the workbook, use the textbook if necessary.

9. Repeat what you read according to the plan, then without it.

Memo for working with a paragraph of a mathematics textbook for students in grades 7-9.

1. Read the paragraph heading. What do you already know about it? What did you say in class about it?

2. Read the text of the paragraph.

3. Establish a connection between illustrations, drawings and text. Look at the illustrations and try to explain them.

4. Divide the text into parts, title them, write down the plan in a notebook.

5. Retell the theoretical information read from the paragraph, according to your plan.

6. Give your own examples to prove what you read.

7. Make a diagram of the material you read or a tabular version.

Literature:

Demidava model in the MPI project: problems, doubts, discoveries. Methodical instructions for teachers. - Tomsk: Publishing House of Tomsk University, 1998.

Zhokhov mathematics in grades 5 and 6. Guidelines for teachers for the textbook, etc. - M .: Russian word, 1999.

Nikolaev to be a reader: High school students about the culture of working with scientific. and scientific - popul. books. - M.: Enlightenment, 1982.

Cold intelligence. Research paradoxes. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2002.

Khutorskoy didactics: A textbook for universities. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2001.

Necessarydistinguish two stages of work:

research process withfixation obtained results, observations, conclusions and description of the study FOR OTHERS, i.e. for people who are experts in the same field of knowledge, but may not be familiar with the subtleties, details of your narrow problem. This is the reader, on whose perception the text of the work should be oriented. You describe the results and results of the study you have already completed, so the main task at this stage is to organize the presentation of material for a person who is not familiar with your "kitchen".

It is useful to highlight the mostimportant and secondary in the material, to successfully arrange the information so that the logic of proving the problem, the sequence of disclosure of the purpose and objectives of the work is clear from the TEXT. Mosteasy way - organization of the material from the general to the particular. First, a general classification of the material, indicating the criteria for dividing it into groups and subgroups. If the division turns out to be too fractional, then you must decide on which phenomena to dwell on in this work in detail and why? Your choice will determine the initial division of the chapter into paragraphs, parts, etc. The plan looks the simplest, where each group of facts (or aspect of the description) corresponds to a separate part of the text. Thus, based on the characteristics of the material and aspects of its analysis, you will determine the structure of the text. The structure of the main part of the work is consistent with the supervisor. Then it is useful to separate the part of the facts that you can explain using the information available in the literature. Describe these facts, explain them. If you disagree with something, see contradictions or a different solution to the problem, then state it with reason. Pay attention: are there other interpretations of such facts? What specifically can you clarify or refute? Why? How useful is your decision? Groups of facts that are not described in existing publications or not mentioned at all, try to interpret them yourself, based on the theoretical concepts known to you. Qualitative-quantitative experimental data, both your own and those obtained by other researchers, can be used as methods of substantiation.

For serious study and memorization of a large amount of information, it is necessary to learn rational techniqueswork with text . The ability to work with the text of the book will not only help to remember the read text for a long time, but will also teach you to briefly formulate and express the main thoughts.

We propose to divide all ways of reading into groups. Each time, before you start reading, you need to choose a certain mode in accordance with the goals, objectives and time budget.

Basic ways of reading:

deep reading;

selective reading;

reading-browsing;

reading-scanning.

Let's consider each of these methods separately.

Deep reading. In this reading attention is paid to the details, they are analyzed and evaluated. Some high school teachers call in-depth reading analytical, critical, creative. This way of reading is considered the best in the study of academic disciplines. With such reading, a schoolboy or student does not just read the text and finds out incomprehensible places, but, based on his knowledge and experience, examines the issue critically, creatively, findststrengths and weaknesses in the explanations, gives an independent interpretation of the provisions and conclusions. Their interpretation, their view make it easier to remember the material read, increase the student's activity in the classroom. In this way, material is usually read on a new, unfamiliar topic, tables.

Selective reading - a kind of speed reading, in which individual sections of the text are read selectively. In this case, the reader seems to see everything and does not miss anything, but fixes his attention only on those aspects of the text that he needs. This method is very often used when rereading a book after previewing it. Naturally, the speed of such reading is much higher than the speed of ordinary reading, since the pages of the book in this case are flipped until the desired section is found. It is read in depth.

Read-View used to preview the book. This is an extremely important way of reading, which, despite its simplicity, few master. The remarkable Russian scientist N. A. Rubakin mastered it to perfection. Here is how his son, prof. A. N. Rubakin: “He read amazingly quickly, or rather, determined the book, its value. I took the book in my hands, ran through the preface, searched the table of contents for the most important provisions of the author, by which one could judge his views, looked through the conclusion - and the diagnosis of the book and its contents was made.

Scanning. The name itself speaks of the nature of such reading: it is a quick scan in order to search for a surname, a word, a fact. If you purposefully develop and train the visual apparatus and especially peripheral vision, it is possible, when looking at a page of text, to instantly see the desired surname, title, necessary quote.

The main types of records when working with scientific text

Work on compression begins with a careful reading of the text and highlightingkey words and sentences. Key words and sentences carry the main semantic load in the text. Based on the selection of keywords and sentences, they composeplantext.

Plan is a guide to the text, a list of the main ideas of the text. A good plan clearly reflects the main content of the text and makes it easy to remember. This is the shortest text entry.

The plan could be:

nominal and thesis

simpleanddifficult

The plan has a number of advantages. Hereflects the logic of the presentation of the text, and a well-written plan reveals the content of the text.With the help of the plan, the contents of the source can be restored to memory.Based on the plan, further notes are made: theses and abstract of the text.

Algorithm for drawing up a complex plan

Formulate the main idea of ​​the text.

Highlight the main ideas of the text (subtopics).

Group the text around the main ideas of the text, breaking it into parts.

Title each section. The title should bebriefand answer the question:“What is this part of the text talking about?”

Headings are consecutively numbered with Roman numerals.

Large parts of the text are divided into smaller ones and titled. Highlight the subparagraphs of the plan in the main part and number them with Arabic numerals.

The hardest part of working on a plan is to articulate the headings clearly.A well-designed plan is fifty percent of the success of all work on the text. This is the basis for makingthesesandabstract.

The main mistakes when drawing up a plan:

The inaccuracy of the wording of the points of the plan: it is not clear what is being discussed in this part, excessive brevity or vagueness.

Items of plans are not interconnected, there is no logical connection between items and sub-items.

The text is divided into parts regardless of the selected thoughts.

Excessive fragmentation of the text, many small subparagraphs that are a simple listing of facts.

Drafting of abstracts

To draw up abstracts for each item of the plan, it is necessary to briefly write down the main idea of ​​the selected part of the text. Abstracts are the golden mean between the headings of the points of the plan and the written retelling of the text.

Abstracts - a brief, consistent presentation of the main ideas of the text.

note-taking can be done in three ways:

Citation (full or partial) of the main provisions of the text;

Transmission of the main ideas of the text "in your own words";

Mixed option.

All options involve the use of abbreviations.

analyze the content of each fragment of the text, highlighting relatively independent in meaning;

highlight the main information from each part, removing the redundant;

write down all the information important for subsequent recovery in your own words or quoting using abbreviations.

To visualize the differences between plan , thesis and summary you can refer to the table:

Plan	Thesis	Abstract
Answers the question: About what does it say in the text?	Answers the questions: About what does it say in the text? What does it say in the text?	Answers the questions: About what does it say in the text? What does it say in the text? How Does the author prove and confirm his thoughts (examples, facts)?

Any dough requires skill and skillful hands. Not every housewife will be able to cook a lush fragrant dish the first time. flour product. To cope with this task, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with the basic rules for working with the test.

1. To make pastries fluffy and soft even the next day, you need to add diluted potato starch. Another necessary condition that helps to make pies even tastier is well-risen dough. A prerequisite, which is sifted flour enriched with oxygen.

2. In the dough for pies, bread, pancakes, and any other, with the exception of dumplings, puff, custard, sand, it is recommended to add a handful or a tablespoon of semolina to half a liter of liquid. Try it and you will definitely see that this is just invaluable advice.

4. Keep the room free of drafts. Otherwise, subsequently, a dense crust will form on your pie.

5. If you are kneading yeast dough, then all products must be room temperature, but not cold, because the cold slows down the rise of the dough.

6. Moreover, it is necessary to add warm liquid to the yeast dough, heated to about 30-35ºС. This is necessary so that the yeast in the liquid loses its activity.

7. Knead the dough with dry hands.

8. Do not rush to put the product directly into the oven. Let it come for 15-20 minutes. Otherwise, the dough will not rise well and will probably not bake well.

9. So that the filling in the pies does not dry out, bake them over medium heat.

10. It is better to add unmelted dough to any dough. butter, because melted butter significantly impairs the structure of the dough.

11. All rich products, which include milk, are much tastier, more aromatic, and the crust is more shiny and beautiful.

12. High-quality yeast for dough should be fresh and have a pleasant alcoholic smell. To check the quality of yeast, prepare a dough. Sprinkle lightly with flour. If no cracks appear after 30 minutes, this means that the quality of the yeast leaves much to be desired.

13. Remember that with an excess of sugar in the dough, the pies quickly “blush” and burn, and fermentation slows down yeast dough, and, consequently, the pies are less fluffy.

14. To improve the fermentation of the dough will help fats, which are softened to a creamy state and which are added at the end of kneading the dough.

15. To make the finished cake crumbly and tender, it is recommended to add only yolks to the dough.

16. For pies, it is better to bake them, it is better to bake them on low heat.

17. The filling will be better felt in the pie if the dough is rolled out as thin as possible.

18. Before spreading the filling on the dough, lightly sprinkle the bottom layer of the dough with starch, so the bottom of the pie will be dry.

19. In no case do not overexpose the dough, three hours in heat is enough for the dough to rise, otherwise the quality of baking will be much worse.

20. Yeast dough pastries can be greased with milk, optionally sprinkled with poppy seeds, salt, caraway seeds.

21. To achieve a delicious gloss on pastries, grease them with sugar water, milk or a beaten egg. Yolks give a more beautiful shine.

22. All rich pastries which is sprinkled powdered sugar, can be lubricated with oil, which will give a special aroma.

23. If you grease the cake egg white, a shiny golden crust will form during baking.

24. Take note, the more fat and less liquid in the dough, the more crumbly the flour products are.

25. Excess baking soda gives baked goods an unpleasant dark color and an unpleasant odor.

26. If suddenly the dough turned out to be too wet, then you can put parchment paper and roll through it.

27. Muffin from shortcrust pastry it is better to get it out of the molds in a chilled form.

28. If you chose raisins as the filling, then before adding it to the dough, you need to roll it in flour.

30. If it's time to put the dough in the oven, and you are busy, then the dough can be covered with paper soaked in water, shaking off the water well.

31. Don't rush to cut a hot cake. In case of emergency, hold the knife in hot water and then quickly wipe it off, or heat the knife over the gas. hot pastry cut with a hot knife.

32. If you cannot remove the cake from the pan, use a string.

Fortune Cookie Recipe

Ingredients:

2 egg whites
4 tsp water
3 tbsp vegetable oil
0.5 cup sugar
0.5 cup flour
0.5 tsp cornstarch
1/4 tsp salt
3/4 tsp vanillin

Cooking method:

On the preparatory stage you need to cut out strips of plain paper about 6-7 centimeters long and 1 cm wide. On these paper strips you can write wishes, congratulations, whatever your heart desires. Next, let's start preparing the dough. Proteins must be separated from the yolks. Beat egg whites well. Add vanillin vegetable oil and keep whisking it all together. The mixture should start to foam.

In a separate bowl, combine salt, sugar, starch, flour and water. Stir until formed homogeneous mass. While beating, gradually add the eggs. The result should be a thick mass. Preheat the oven to 180C. Grease baking paper with butter. Using a spoon, spread the dough in small circles on paper. Leave enough space between circles.

Bake the product until golden brown for about 10-13 minutes. After that, you can attach paper notes. To give the cookies the desired shape, use the side of the mug. Try to bend the liver in half so that the ends visually touch through the mug. Fix the cookie in this state for a while, so it will retain the desired shape.

The rolled cookies are then placed in muffin tins. If it does not fit, then the form can be corrected. Bake cookies for another 5-10 minutes until done.

Mar 28, 2016

Live and learn! Keep tricks and secrets for working with dough. 🙂

1. Main condition delicious pies- fluffy, well risen dough. Flour for dough must be sifted: foreign impurities are removed from it and it is enriched with oxygen. Always add diluted potato starch to the dough - rolls and pies will be fluffy and soft even the next day.

2. In any dough (except for dumplings, puff, custard, shortbread), that is, in the dough for pies, pancakes, bread, pancakes - always add 1 heaping tablespoon of semolina to 0.5 liters of liquid. The nuns taught: “Earlier, the highest quality bread was cooked from grains. It did not dry out for a long time and was lush. Now there is no grain. Now add semolina, and there will always be good pastries. ”

3. There should be no draft in the room where the dough is cut: it contributes to the formation of a very dense crust on the pie.

4. When kneading yeast dough, all products should be warm or at room temperature, food from the refrigerator slows down the rise of the dough.

5. For yeast products, the liquid should always be heated to 30 - 35 ° C, since yeast fungi in a liquid that has a lower or higher temperature lose their activity.

6. When you knead the dough, your hands should be dry.

7. Before putting the product in the oven, it is allowed to rise for 15-20 minutes. Let the dough rest completely before baking. With incomplete proofing, it does not rise well, and the pies will not bake for a long time.

8. Bake pies on a baking sheet over medium heat so that the filling does not dry out.

9. It is best to add non-melted butter to the dough (yeast and fresh-baked), as melted butter worsens the structure of the dough.

10. Pies cooked with milk are more tasty and fragrant, the crust after baking is shiny with a beautiful color.

11. Yeast for dough should be fresh, with a pleasant alcoholic smell. Check yeast beforehand. To do this, prepare a small portion of dough and sprinkle with a layer of flour. If no cracks appear after 30 minutes, the quality of the yeast is poor.

12. With an excess of sugar in the dough, the pies quickly “blush” and even burn. The fermentation of the yeast dough slows down, and the pies are less fluffy.

13. Fats, softened to the density of sour cream, are added at the end of kneading the dough or when it is kneaded, this improves the fermentation of the dough.

14. To make the finished pies more tender and crumbly, put only the yolks in the dough.

15. Tall pies are baked over low heat so that they bake evenly.

16. The dough for a pie baked on a baking sheet is rolled out as thin as possible so that the taste of the filling is well felt.

17. To keep the bottom of the pie dry, lightly sprinkle the bottom layer of the pie with starch, and then lay out the filling.

18. Neither the dough nor the dough should be allowed to stand, as this causes a deterioration in the quality of the dough. 3 hours is enough, but always warm.

19. Pies made from yeast dough can be greased with milk, and if desired, sprinkled with salt, poppy seeds, caraway seeds.

20. closed pies Lubricate before baking with a beaten egg, milk, sugar water. Thanks to this, an appetizing gloss appears on the finished cake. The best gloss is obtained when lubricated with yolks.

21. Pies that are sprinkled with powdered sugar are also smeared with butter - it gives them a pleasant aroma.

22. Pies smeared with egg white acquire a shiny golden crust during baking.

23. The more fat and less liquid in the dough, the more crumbly the products are.

24. If you put soda into the dough, then the cake will turn out to be darker in color with an unpleasant odor.

25. thin dough easy to roll out by wrapping the rolling pin with a clean linen rag.

26. If the dough is too wet, put a sheet of parchment on it and roll it straight through the paper.

27. Pies made from shortcrust pastry should be taken out of the molds chilled.

28. Before adding raisins to the dough, roll it in flour.

29. Salt is always added to flour only when the dough has already fermented.

30. If the dough has already risen, and you do not have time to put it in the oven, cover the dough with well-dampened paper, after shaking off the water from it.

31. hot pie better not to cut. But if necessary, you need to heat the knife in hot water, quickly wipe and cut.

32. If the cake is not removed from the baking sheet, separate it from the baking sheet with a thread.

Happy tea!