What about juice products? Juices and nectars

What is Portland cement? Where can be used?

If you decide to start building your house, one of the most important questions is the cement that will be used. In fact, the most common type of cement is Portland cement. The main reason for this global common use is its composition. Consisting of clinker, mortar, plaster and grout, it is produced as a fine powder by grinding Portland cement clinker with calcium sulfate. The origins of cement can be traced back to the early years of the 19th century. Portland cement has found its way today as the main ingredient for concrete. This approval was made only after it was successfully tested and recognized that it creates a strong bond compared to other types of concrete production. With the increase in the amount of production that is continuously associated with it, Portland cement, especially when it is part of concrete, can be given the following tasks:

Usage:

1. The most important application of Portland cement is the production of concrete. It plays a key role in the setting and hardening of concrete.
2. When mixed with other compounds, Portland cement begins to serve two purposes. One of them involves making concrete to be strong when dry. And the second is the transformation of the liquid state into a solid stone.
3. It is widely used for retaining walls and precast concrete blocks in walls, and as a main component to create a strong concrete foundation.
4. When mixed with water, Portland cement literally turns into a malleable stone and thus it can be used for purposes and places you want, even in hard to reach places.
5. It can be formed into rigid and refractory materials, which can be further used in the design of buildings, workshops, tanks and other structures.
6. Any structure of iron or wood corrodes either through air or water. But in a concrete shell made with cement, they can be effectively protected.
7. Any structure that is designed to support a huge amount of weight and made with cement will do the job. These structures can be: from the first floors of multi-storey buildings to spans of bridges and dams.
8. Due to its ability to prevent corrosion, it is used on ships, tanks and bunkers.
9 A fire can leave any building or structure completely burned out, but with the use of Portland cement, this can be prevented.
10. It is also excellently used in mortars, plasters, floor screeds, as a material that can be squeezed into the gaps of chemical formulas to consolidate structures and hold them together.

The use of cement is of great importance for concrete production. Thanks to the fame that has been attached to it for a long time, this cement is said to have already been made and left its mark.

Official classification of juices

Russian legislation divides juices into five types depending on the methods of production and processing of fruits:

1. Direct juice- juice produced directly from fresh or kept fresh fruits and (or) vegetables by means of their machining;
2. Freshly squeezed juice- direct-pressed juice produced from fresh or kept fresh fruits and (or) vegetables in the presence of consumers and not subjected to canning;
3. reconstituted juice- juice made from concentrated juice or straight juice and drinking water. restored tomato juice can also be produced by restoring tomato paste and/or tomato puree;
4. concentrated juice- juice produced by physical removal of part of the water contained in straight-pressed juice in order to increase the content of soluble solids by at least two times in relation to the original straight-pressed juice. In the production of concentrated juice, the process of extracting dry substances from crushed fruits and (or) vegetables of the same batch, from which the juice was previously separated, by means of drinking water can be used, provided that the product of this extraction is added to the original juice before the concentration step inside one flow technological process. Concentrated natural flavoring substances produced from the juice of the same name or from fruits or vegetables of the same name can be added to the concentrated juice;
5. Diffusion Juice- juice produced by extracting extractive substances from fresh fruits and (or) vegetables or dried fruits and (or) vegetables of the same species with drinking water, the juice from which cannot be obtained by mechanical processing. Diffusion juice can be concentrated and then reconstituted. The content of soluble solids in the diffusion juice must not be lower than the level established for reconstituted juices.

Classification of juices and other juice products

Juice consumption in the world is growing every year

Juice products It's not just juice. Juice products include nectars, fruit drinks and juice drinks. All these products differ in composition and taste.

1. Juice made directly from fruits or vegetables- it is directly squeezed juice or freshly squeezed juice. But the latter must be prepared in the presence of the buyer.
2. reconstituted juice is a juice made from concentrated juice and drinking water. Juices may not contain preservatives, dyes, flavors and sweeteners.
3. Nectar- liquid food product prepared from concentrated juice (mashed potatoes), drinking water with or without the addition of natural flavoring substances of the same name. At the same time, the share of concentrated juice (puree) should be at least 20-50% of the total volume, depending on the type of fruit or vegetable. In addition to water, nectar may contain sugar, natural acidifiers (for example, lemon acid), antioxidants (ascorbic acid), fruit and vegetable pulp, citrus fruit cells. Preservatives, flavors and sweeteners cannot be added to the nectar. As a rule, nectars are made from those fruits or vegetables, the concentrated juice of which cannot be used for juicing due to being too sweet or sour taste(e.g. cherries, currants, pomegranate) or due to thick consistency (e.g. bananas, peaches).
4. juice drink- a liquid food product made by mixing juice (juices) and/or puree, concentrated juice (puree) and drinking water, provided that the proportion of juice (puree) is at least 10% (if the juice-containing drink is made from lemon or lime juice, then the proportion of concentrated juice should be at least 5%). The range of juice drinks includes the largest number drinks from traditional and exotic fruits: blackberry, raspberry, cactus, lime, etc.
5. Morse- liquid food product - a traditional Russian national drink. Industrial fruit drinks are usually made from a mixture of berry juice (berry puree), drinking water, sugar (or honey), provided that the minimum proportion of concentrated juice is at least 15% of the total volume. Instead of water in fruit drinks, it is permissible to use an aqueous extract of pomace of those berries that were used to produce juice or puree. According to the manufacturing method, industrial fruit drinks practically do not differ from home-made fruit drinks made in the traditional way.

The Technical Regulations for juice products from fruits and vegetables (hereinafter referred to as the Regulations for juices), as well as the regulations for milk and fat and oil products, are full of production and technological definitions, requirements for processes related to the production, storage, transportation, and sale of juice products.

First of all, manufacturers and sellers of juice products should apply its requirements. At the same time, the legislator did not disregard both large-scale production and local ones, for example, the production of freshly squeezed juice, which is typical for Catering. It is equally important to know the provisions of the Regulation on juices and for consumers. After all, in the end it is aimed at protecting their interests.

The scope of application of the Regulation on juices is defined in the first article. It should be noted here that it applies to products made not only from fruits and vegetables, but also from berries.

At the same time, the Juice Regulation contains a clause stating that it does not apply to products made at home and not intended for sale. Thus, the legislator quite reasonably does not impose any requirements on citizens who make various kinds of home preparations, leaving this issue outside the scope of legal regulation. However, following the logic of this document, if home products are intended for sale, then the established requirements and restrictions will apply to them.

Legislative terminology

What is juice

So, from the point of view of the law, juice is a liquid food product that is unfermented, but capable of fermentation. Juice must be obtained from the edible parts of sound, ripe, fresh or kept fresh (or dried) fruits or vegetables by physical manipulation. In this product, in accordance with the characteristics of its production, the characteristics of fruits or vegetables must be preserved. the nutritional value, physicochemical and organoleptic properties.

Juice may be clarified. In addition, concentrated natural flavoring fruit or vegetable substances can be added to it. It is allowed to add fruit or vegetable pulp, puree, citrus fruit cells, which are produced from fruits (vegetables) of the same name by physical impact on them. Mixed juice is made from two or more different juices or juices and fruit (vegetable) purees.

Juice preservation is allowed only using physical methods, with the exception of ionizing radiation treatment.

If not juice, then drink

In addition to juice, the regulation defines a fruit and vegetable juice-containing drink. It is a food product that is produced by mixing juice (or juices) and fruit (vegetable) puree with drinking water. In such a product, the minimum volume fraction of juice (fruit or vegetable puree) is at least 10 percent.

If the drink is made from lemon or lime juice, then the volume fraction should not be less than 5 percent. Here, the same methods of preservation are acceptable as for juices.

Separately, it should be said about the collective definition of what is meant by juice products from fruits or vegetables. These are juices, fruit or vegetable nectars, juice drinks, fruit drinks, fruit or vegetable puree, concentrated natural flavoring fruit or vegetable substances, citrus cells, fruit and vegetable pulp.

At the same time, juice products for baby food, which includes the above varieties of products that meet the physiological needs of the body of children of the corresponding age groups. The fact is that many of the fundamental requirements, restrictions and prohibitions of the Regulation on juices are addressed specifically to this category of juice products.

Product Requirements

But for products intended for baby food, Article 7 of the Regulation on juices establishes additional requirements. In particular, it is prohibited to use genetically modified organisms and components containing them. Flavorings and coloring extracts should not be added to products for young children.

Mass fraction ethyl alcohol in juice products for children should not exceed 0.2 percent, the product itself should be homogenized and packaged in packages of no more than 0.35 liters.

Component Requirements

In addition to general safety requirements, the legislator also focuses on certain aspects of the components of this safety (, Regulation on juices).

In particular, these are the requirements for components and food additives. So, in the manufacture of juice products, it is permissible to use honey, but not more than 5 percent by weight. finished products, and honey should not replace soluble juice solids.

The amount of sugar in juice products intended for children is also limited. But adding sugar to fruit juices is not allowed at all.

Labeling rules

Particular emphasis is placed on the requirements for labeling, which is applied to consumer packaging. Thus, Article 11 of the Juices Regulation scrupulously formulates various requirements that packaging must meet. In fact, they are primarily intended for technologists, but knowledge of these provisions will not be superfluous for consumer consumers.

Note the following requirements for labeling consumer packaging:
- names of juice products should include the names of fruits (vegetables) used for its production, or words derived from these names. Moreover, the names of fruits and vegetables in Russian must be indicated in strict accordance with Appendix 2 to the Regulations for juices. For example, " fruit juice”, “vegetable juice”, “diffusion juice from berries”, “fruit nectar”, “berry juice”, etc .;
- the names of juices to which sugar (or syrup) is added must be supplemented with the words “with added sugar”;
- on the packaging of products for baby food, its name must contain the words "for baby food", as well as the age category of children and storage conditions after opening the package;
- for fruit or vegetable nectars, fruit drinks, juice-containing drinks, information on the minimum volume fraction of juice or puree should be indicated;
- the inscription "with pulp" can be done only if the share of the corresponding pulp in the finished product exceeds 8 percent;
- images of fruits and vegetables that were not used in the manufacture cannot be applied to the packaging.

Requirements for production processes

The requirements for the production of juice products are formulated in Chapter 3 of the Juice Regulation. At the same time, both basic and various kinds of special requirements are defined.

The regulation on juices provides that raw materials must comply with the safety requirements established by the relevant technical regulations, and they must have shipping documents. At the same time, for raw materials, information is required on the use of pesticides in growing plants, fumigation of production facilities and containers for its storage in order to protect against pests and diseases of agricultural plants.

Attention was also paid to the quality of water used in the manufacture of juices (Article 15 of the Juice Regulations). In particular, it was established that water must meet the requirements for drinking water, which are approved by the relevant technical regulations. If steam is used, then in direct contact with raw materials and products, it should not contaminate them and contain dangerous or harmful substances.

During heat treatment of raw materials and products in sealed containers or using appropriate equipment, conditions must be provided to prevent contamination of raw materials and products with water used for cooling.

Production facilities must be protected from the penetration of rodents and insects and have the necessary space to perform technological operations. They must also be protected from accumulation of dirt, contact with toxic materials, shedding of particles into manufactured products, condensation, mold on the surfaces of production facilities. It is emphasized in particular that industrial premises it is not allowed to store any substances and materials not used for production, including detergents and disinfectants. These requirements are set out in Article 16 of the Juice Regulation.

Storage and transportation

Requirements for the storage, transportation and sale of juice products are formulated in Article 19 of the Juice Regulation. Among them, we note some fundamental provisions.

Thus, the expiration date, storage and transportation conditions are set by the manufacturer of juice products. Juice products are placed in vehicles or containers in such a way as to minimize the risk of contamination, and the transport must be equipped to maintain the required temperature.

The seller must store it and sell it in compliance with the conditions established by the manufacturer.

Conformity assessment of manufactured products

All manufactured and sold products must comply with established requirements and standards. Chapter 4 of the Regulation on Juices is devoted to these issues. Thus, article 21 of the Regulations on juices establishes that if the product is not subject to state registration, it must undergo mandatory certification or the manufacturer must independently declare its compliance with the established requirements.

In addition, voluntary confirmation of the compliance of the juice products themselves, as well as the processes of production, storage, transportation and sale with the requirements of national standards, codes of practice, standards of organizations, voluntary certification systems and contract terms, is allowed.

However, voluntary confirmation of the conformity of products and production processes does not replace the mandatory confirmation of conformity with the requirements established by the Juice Regulation. So, the applicant himself chooses the form and scheme of confirmation. In this case, the applicant may be an organization or an entrepreneur who are manufacturers of products or their sellers.

In Article 20 of the Juice Regulation, the legislator established the following possible forms for assessing the compliance of juice products with the requirements of the regulation:
- Confirmation of the conformity of this product with the requirements that were established directly by the Regulations for juices;
- state registration of certain types of such products;
- state control (supervision) over compliance with established requirements for products, production processes, storage, transportation and sale.

Types of juices

According to Article 4 of the Juice Regulations, there are five types of juice: direct extraction, freshly squeezed, reconstituted, concentrated, diffusion.

And in contrast various types juices, fruit and vegetable nectars, as well as fruit and vegetable juice-containing drinks are highlighted.