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Head salad Berlin yellow. Salad Berlin yellow JOHNSONS

Two centuries have passed since the lettuce was brought from Europe to Russia. At the royal court, he was accepted with a bang, but the bulk of the gardeners simply did not need it: there were a lot of goutweed, sorrel, and nettles around. Only at the end of this century did salad become desirable in the garden.

Recently, various varieties of lettuce have been created. They differ both in shape and in leaf color: from light to dark green, from pink to dark red and brown. There are varieties with a smooth sheet and completely bubbly and even wrinkled, the edge of the sheet is even or twists into intricate scallops. The leaf itself is either delicate silky ("oily"), or thick, juicy, crispy.

Lettuce varieties can be divided into four types: leaf, head, romaine and stem.

Let's try together to understand the variety of salads and the features of their agricultural technology.

Iceberg lettuce

Break-type lettuce is distinguished by the fact that leaves are plucked from it without pulling out the plants. The leaves are large, whole (oblong, triangular, fan-shaped) or carved (oak-leaved, dissected).

Let's name the varieties:

Ballet - for growing in protected ground in winter and early spring, in garden beds - all summer. The leaf is crisp, dark green, large, fan-shaped, the edge of the leaf is scalloped. Resistant to shooting and lack of light. Plant weight 300-600 g. Dubachek MS - for open ground. The leaves are light green, oaky. Weighs up to 250 g. Resistant to shooting.

Robin is oaky, similar to Dubachek MC, but the leaves are less juicy and anthocyanin colored in an intense purple-cherry color.

Emerald - for winter-spring circulation. Mid-season. The leaf is obovate, dark green, finely bubbling. Plant weight 60 g. Does not grow old for a long time on the vine, excellent taste, resistant to stalking.

Cricet - for protected (sowing from February) and open ground. Early ripe, ripens in 40-45 days. The leaf is thin, the color is from light green to yellowish. The weight of one plant is 250 g. Resistant to stalking and heat.

Other varieties: Riga, Red fire, Kamarnyansky, Moscow greenhouse, New Year's.

Romaine lettuce

head salads

There are two types of head salads: oily and crunchy. In England, Spain, Australia, Japan, the latter are grown mainly, in France and other countries of Western Europe - the former.

Headed (half-headed) lettuce ripens longer than leaf lettuce. After 45-60 days from the emergence of seedlings, a head of various shapes and densities is formed.

In oil-leaf lettuces, the outer leaves that form a head are tender, thin, and the inner ones feel like oily to the touch.

Berlin yellow - for open ground.

The leaves are light green with a yellowish tint. A head of cabbage weighs up to 300 g, medium density.

Festival - for open ground. The leaves are green with a grayish bloom, the edge is slightly wavy. A head of cabbage weighing up to 400 g, dense, white-yellow inside.

Noran - for protected ground. Head of cabbage up to 250 g. The leaves are pale green with a slightly wavy edge.

Kado (half-headed) - for open ground. Mid-season, ripens in 35-70 days from germination. The leaf is reddish with a strong solid anthocyanin coloration. A head of cabbage weighs 200 g.

Moscow region - for open ground. Medium-early, rounded head of cabbage weighing 200 g ripens in 40-70 days. The leaf is green. A ripe head of cabbage does not lose its qualities in the vine for up to ten days.

Sesame (half-headed) - universal. Mid-season, ripens in 45-60 days. The leaf is dark green with a strong anthocyanin coloration. A round head weighs 300 g.

Other varieties: Attraction, Stubborn colored, Contribution, Libuza.

The most famous of the crispy-leaved ones is Kucheryavey, Odessa (semi-headed), but there are also new ones: Olympus, Olympus, Tarzan, Keltic, Roxette, Saladin, Quick, Sirena.

Clavier (semi-headed) - for open ground. The leaves are dark green, fan-shaped. A head of cabbage weighs up to 500 g. It is not inferior in density to a cabbage fork.

Large-headed - for open ground, can be grown in spring and summer. The leaves in the rosette are light green with pale pink pigmentation along the edge, fan-shaped. Round head up to 400 g, light yellow inside.

Red leaf lettuce (Lettuce)

Romaine salads

Romaine lettuce forms an oblong head different density(depending on variety). The leaves in the rosette are directed vertically upwards, which is typical only for varieties of this group. Imported seed bags are usually labeled Cos.

Veradarz - head lettuce. The head of cabbage is elongated-oval. The outer leaves are green and the inner leaves are light green.

Other varieties: Parisian, Soviet, Balon.

stem salads

Stem (asparagus) salads, in which the main edible part is the stem. Their leaves are narrow, but the stem is thickened. Raw they are cut into a salad, and boiled, they are cooked like asparagus. In Russia, such salads are popular in the Far East, and abroad - in Korea, Japan, China,

Sowing goes from spring to autumn. Lettuce grows on all soils, there would be watering, sufficient area and a corner well lit by the sun. And when nothing obscures it, it grows like a compactor of crops.

Lettuce can also be grown through seedlings. This method has many advantages: seeds are saved (thinning is excluded), one third of the growing season is in the garden in the optimal growing mode, seedlings can be placed on beds freed from under early vegetables. When seedlings are received in protected ground, a "run" is created for an early harvest.

Lettuce

Sow the seeds in boxes or directly into the soil of an insulated greenhouse in rows at a distance of 5 cm (if then picking seedlings is provided) and 10 cm (without picking). The seeding rate for seedlings with subsequent picking is 1-1.5 g per 1 sq.m and 0.5 g per sq.m without picking. The depth of the groove is up to 1 cm. Two weeks after germination, the seedlings are planted in pots 3 × 3 or 6 × 6 cm in size.

Seedlings are ready for planting after 3-4 true leaves develop or 30-40 days after germination. It is very important not to deepen it - when planting, make sure that the root neck is not below the soil level. Be sure to plant seedlings in moist soil. Any adverse factors during transplantation can slow down growth and lead to flowering. The planting pattern for compact early ripe varieties is 20 × 20 cm, and for large varieties - 35 × 35 cm.

Plant care is usual: weeding, fertilizing and watering. Top dressing with nitrogen-potassium fertilizers is needed during the period of intensive leaf growth, but before they close. For normal growth, lettuce plants require constant watering.

Start spring sowing as early as possible. To organize a “green conveyor”, it is better to sow lettuce at short intervals (after two to three weeks), especially since, with a delay in harvesting, the resulting heads of cabbage quickly shoot and become inedible. In dry weather, regular watering is especially necessary, since the root system of lettuces is poorly developed and almost all of it is in a layer of 6-10 cm. During the formation of a head, water less often, it is better to replace sprinkling with root watering in order to wet the leaves less.

Determine readiness for harvesting by the size of the rosette and the density of the head, typical for this variety. To make sure the head is firm enough, lightly press the back of your hand against the plant. If the leaf does not sag, it is impossible to delay harvesting - most varieties become bitter after stemming begins, with the exception of leafy ones. Heads are harvested by cutting them at the base with a few fresh rosette leaves.

In areas with mild winters, lettuce can also be grown during winter sowing, but (a prerequisite) not crops, but plants with a rosette of 5-6 leaves should leave before winter. Lettuce is relatively cold-resistant and withstands frosts down to minus 10°C, and under snow even up to minus 20°C. Important:

do not thicken the sowing, follow the recommended planting pattern;
when planting seedlings, do not bury the root neck;
do not dry out the soil.

Lettuce

And finally, let me remind you: the salad contains all currently known vitamins. To prevent atherosclerosis and many intestinal diseases, it is enough to eat 100-150 g of lettuce daily. Think about your health and grow more lettuces, it's that simple.

It is no coincidence that at the beginning of the article we mentioned sleepweed and nettles. For the time being, the lettuce will grow, and the nettle and gout are already turning green with might and main. It is interesting to compare the nutrient content of lettuce, nettle and dreamweed:

	Salad	Nettle	snyt
Protein,%	0,6-2,9	5,2	1,7
Sugar, %	0,1-4	1	1,4
Vitamin C, mg%	7-40	200	155
Carotene, mg%	0,6-6	8-50	1,9
Fe, mg%	0,9	41	16,6
Si, mg%	1,2	1,3	2
MP, mg%	3,2	8,2	2,1
B, mg%	1,8	4,3	4

By the way, gout has a pronounced antiscorbutic effect, improves the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, and helps to remove excess fluid from the body. It has long been used in the treatment of gout, kidney failure, Bladder.

The combination of trace elements of iron, copper and manganese makes gout suitable for medical nutrition with some forms of anemia. Snot is used as an analgesic, wound healing, emollient.

In the southern bazaars, vegetable greens are shifted with gout so that it retains freshness for a long time.

Snyt is harvested for future use, it is salted, fermented, pickled and dried, and in winter they bake pies and prepare various seasonings. In Chuvashia, gout soup "Serde" is a traditional folk dish.

So, when growing cultivated plants, do not neglect wild ones.

Lettuce

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Lettuce is an annual plant of the Compositae family. fresh leaves contain proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins (C, carotene, PP, B1, B2, B6, P, E, folic acid, inositol), minerals, trace elements, chlorophyll, organic acids, glucosides, which give food pleasant taste.

Lettuce is a cold-resistant light-bulb culture. Plants need moisture, especially at the beginning of growth until the formation of 6-7 true leaves.

The earliest production of leaf lettuce is formed by the Moscow Greenhouse variety. Unlike other varieties, it has brown seeds. Large yellowish-green succulent leaves are eaten 30-45 days after sowing.

Of the mid-early varieties, two headed varieties stand out - Bettner and Maisky. The Bettner variety ripens in 35-45 days. Plants must be removed quickly, as the formed heads already form a flower stem in 3-5 days. In May, heads of cabbage appear 50-60 days after germination. Plants shoot on the 6-10th day after ripening.

Of the late-ripening varieties, the most common head lettuce is Parisian green. It is grown by sowing seeds in the ground and through seedlings. When sown with seeds, it gives vitamin greens 50-60 days after germination. Heads of cabbage weigh 100-150 g, their yield reaches 3-4 kg per m².

Mid-season variety Berlin yellow ripens 60-70 days after germination. Heads weigh 120-150 g. A high yield of tasty heads is formed by the medium-late variety Krupnokochanny (heads reach 400-500 g). By autumn, the Ice Mountain and Khrustalny varieties are harvested.

A high yield of lettuce (up to 5 kg / m²) in an earlier period is obtained by growing lettuce from seeds, through seedlings. Calibrated seeds are sown in late March - early April. Well developed seedlings should have 2-3 true leaves. They plant it on the ridges in early May.

Lettuce is grown from seeds in any fertile soil, with the exception of acidic, heavily littered with weeds. Sow it in early spring. For one m², 0.3-0.4 g of leaf seeds and 0.1-0.2 g of head lettuce are consumed. For uniform sieving, they are sometimes mixed with sawdust, peat in a ratio of 1: 3-4. Lettuce seeds are covered with a layer of earth 2-3 cm.

Leaf lettuce is best sown in 2-3 terms in 10-15 days. This will allow you to have fresh greens throughout the summer. In order for it to be in late autumn, it is necessary to sow head varieties in mid-July. In late autumn (before frost), the plants are dug up, transferred to the basement, dug into the ground and consumed as needed.

Lettuce shoots need thinning. Usually leave plants at a distance of 20-25 cm from each other. In thickened crops, they stretch out, become too tender, and headed varieties often do not form heads.

In dry weather, the plants are watered. Particularly effective in the heat of frequent watering with a small amount of water (10-15 l / m²).

Leaf lettuce is harvested at the time of formation of 6-10 leaves, and head lettuce when heads are formed with a diameter of at least 5 cm. Plants are pulled out (the roots are cut off), packed in a plastic bag. So that the products do not deteriorate longer, they are harvested in dry weather at cool times of the day (in the morning after the dew has disappeared or in the evening).

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Lettuce belongs to the annual vegetable plants of the Asteraceae family. Leaves (leaf varieties), heads of cabbage (headed varieties) are eaten. This early ripening culture contains many healing substances: vitamins C, A, B1, B2, PP, E, K, trace elements - iodine, manganese, molybdenum, iron, copper, boron, etc.

The milky juice of lettuce contains the alkaloid lactucin, which gives plants a bitter taste. This alkaloid improves digestion, metabolism, has a calming effect on the nervous system, improves sleep, and reduces high blood pressure. It is recommended to eat more salad in case of diabetes. Fresh lettuce juice is used as a remedy against chronic gastritis.

Lettuce is a light-loving, cold-resistant plant. Young plants tolerate frost - 1-2°C. Thanks to these properties, lettuce can be sown in open ground in early spring and autumn; winter sowing is also possible.

The soil of the area intended for lettuce should be loose, fertile, moderately moist, as excessive moisture leads to the spread of diseases. Lettuce thrives in neutral soils and can grow in slightly acidic soils with sufficient nutrients.

Lettuce varieties differ in early maturity: early ripening in open ground can be harvested on the 30-45th day after germination, late-ripening - on the 80-100th day.

In culture, the most common leaf lettuce, which forms a rosette of leaves, and head lettuce, which forms heads of round and rounded flat shapes, as well as romaine lettuce with an oval-elongated head shape. The most valuable varieties of head lettuce, characterized by high taste.

In terms of ripeness, salads are divided into spring, summer and autumn. Spring varieties are early maturing, and when planted late, they give a lot of flowers. Summer salad is not afraid of hot weather and is sown from May to July. For late sowings, autumn varieties Ice Mountain are used. This salad tolerates a drop in temperature and is adapted to short day conditions.

Lettuce is grown in open ground and under film as an independent crop and as a compactor among plantings of cucumbers, tomatoes and cabbage.

Leaf lettuce variety: Moscow greenhouse - early ripening, gives a large rosette of leaves, leaves are pale green, tender, juicy, good taste. The variety grows well under the film, as it shoots faster in an open bed.

Varieties of head lettuce: Berlin yellow - the variety is grown in open ground for use in the summer, mid-season, leaves are yellow-green, highly tangled, oily, large head of cabbage. Taste qualities good ones. Head weight 100-150 g. Vegetation period - 60 days.

Krupnokochanny - medium-late variety, fruitful, vesicular light green leaves, large head, good taste, crispy. The mass of a head of cabbage is 400-500 g. It is grown in spring and summer. Vegetation period - 70-90 days.

Maisky - mid-early variety, intended for sowing in the early months (April, May), medium-sized heads of cabbage, leaves are light green, with a yellowish tinge and with reddish pigmentation along the edge. The leaves are oily, tender, good taste. Head weight - 80-100 g. Vegetation period - 50 days.

Ice Mountain - a late-ripening variety, grown in open ground for summer and autumn use. Heads are large, dense, leaves of good taste, crispy, juicy. Vegetation period - 75-90 days. Grow in spring and summer.

Romaine lettuce has an oblong loose head. Bound leaves bleach, they become tastier and more tender. Sow in the first half of July for consumption in autumn and winter.

Asparagus salad differs in that not only the leaves are edible, but also thickened stems that taste like asparagus. The stems grow very high - up to 60-80 cm and up to 5 cm thick. Asparagus salad is grown through seedlings.

Lettuce is grown on beds 20-22 cm high. For 1 m2 of beds, add a tablespoon of potassium sulfate and double granulated superphosphate and a glass of wood ash or fluffy lime. Leaf lettuce is sown in rows 10-12 cm apart, 5 cm between plants. With a more dense sowing, the plants coarsen. Seeds are planted to a depth of 1-1.5 cm in moist soil. Lettuce can be sown several times during the summer. Care for lettuce crops consists in weeding, thinning, as thickened crops give a low yield and low-quality products. Leaf lettuce begins to be harvested early - in the phase of the fifth - seventh leaf in the morning or evening hours.

Head lettuce is grown by seedlings and sowing seeds in the ground. Early ripening varieties are sown from April 10-15 to May 10. Mid-season and late - from April 15 to June 15. Before sowing, prepare the soil in the same way as for sowing leaf lettuce. To obtain a good quality lettuce, there should be a distance of 18-20 cm between plants in a row, for late-ripening - 25 cm. The seeds are planted to a depth of 1 cm. After germination, when the plants form three true leaves, the crops are thinned out. This work is done twice with an interval of 10-12 days. Selected young plants are used for food. The remaining plants are left for the development and ripening of heads of cabbage.

To obtain an early harvest, head lettuce is grown from seedlings. 30-day-old seedlings of mid-ripening varieties and 50-day-old seedlings are planted in the ground.

For seedlings, seeds are sown in seed boxes in greenhouses or greenhouses, they are planted to a depth of 0.5 cm. With the emergence of seedlings, the temperature is maintained at 12-13 ° C, at a higher temperature they will stretch. Two weeks after germination, the seedlings dive into peat pots measuring 5 × 5.6 × 6 cm. They are made from a mixture consisting of 5 hours of lowland peat, 4 hours of humus + 1 hour of sand. To one bucket of this mixture add a glass of wood ash and a tablespoon of nitrophoska and double superphosphate. The mixture can be prepared from 1 teaspoon of peat, 1 teaspoon of soddy soil and 1 teaspoon of humus with the addition of mineral fertilizers (a tablespoon of superphosphate over a teaspoon of potassium sulfate and urea with the addition of a glass of wood ash or chalk).

Lettuce grown from seedlings in pots forms heads faster and more amicably than when sowing seeds directly into the ground.

Seedlings are planted in a garden bed so that the root neck is at the level of the soil, otherwise the plants rot. Care for planted seedlings comes down to watering, loosening and one-time top dressing. In 10 liters of water, 0.5 liters of mullein and a tablespoon of nitroammofoska are diluted, spending 1 liter per plant.

Lettuce grows rapidly in well-lit areas and at moderate summer temperatures (18-20°C). In heat and drought, heads of cabbage become loose. It is impossible to be late with lettuce harvesting, especially early spring varieties that are prone to early flowering. They cut heads of cabbage near the ground, better in the morning or in the evening. Late varieties of lettuce are harvested before frost, otherwise lettuce with frozen leaves quickly deteriorates. It must be remembered that the soil on which the lettuce grows must always be moist.

Romaine lettuce is intended for consumption mainly in winter, as it has a good keeping quality; at a temperature of 3-4 ° C, the plants are stored for 2.5-3 months. During storage, heads of cabbage are bleached. For storage for the winter, romaine lettuce is dug out of open ground no earlier than October 15-20. The last sowing of lettuce in open ground is July 10. When harvesting, lettuce is dug up with a clod of earth and stored in warehouses, basements.

Asparagus lettuce, like romaine lettuce, is grown for winter storage. For asparagus salad, the feeding area is slightly larger than for romaine (row from row - 50 cm, in a row - 30-35 cm). Before frost, the lettuce is dug up with a clod of earth, the lower and middle leaves are cut off and stored in basements, storages for two months.

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Salad. Lettuce cultivation and care

Lettuce is an annual plant of the Asteraceae family. The root is taproot, thickened, with numerous lateral branches. The leaves are sessile, whole or dissected, of various shapes (from round to oblong-obovate) and color (from yellow-greenish to dark green), in some varieties, with strong or weak anthocyanin pigmentation.

Lettuce is a photophilous plant. At high temperature and dryness of the soil, it quickly shoots, the leaves acquire a bitter aftertaste.

Lettuce grows best on light, fertile soils with a neutral to slightly acid reaction, well-cultivated and sufficiently moist.

Basal leaves form a rosette. Inflorescences are small baskets (1-1.5 cm) of yellow color. The seeds are small, narrow crescent-shaped (length-4 mm, width-0.8-1 mm), silver-gray, ocher or black.

Salad contains carotene (6 mg%), vitamins B1, B2, B6, PP, E, ascorbic acid, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, phosphorus. fresh as a separate dish or adding it to a salad of cucumbers, tomatoes, radishes.

There are five varieties of lettuce: leaf lettuce, slip lettuce, head lettuce, romaine lettuce and asparagus lettuce. A wide variety of varieties allows you to harvest at different times both in open and protected ground. Let's consider some varieties of lettuce.

lettuce varieties

From sheet:

Moscow greenhouse. Very early. Vegetation period - 30-40 days. The rosette of leaves is large. The leaves are pale green with a slight yellowness, tender, juicy, good taste. It is intended for open and protected ground. Lettuce seeds are sown between rows - 8-10 cm, between plants - 5-6 cm. To obtain juicy, tender leaves in the phase of two true leaves, mineral dressing with ammonium nitrate is carried out. It is good to feed after rain or watering, followed by loosening of row spacing. Loosening depth - 6-7 cm. Leaf lettuce is harvested with roots, for the preservation of leaves, it is better in the morning or evening hours. You can sow leaf lettuce several times during the summer.

From cabbage:

Bettner variety. Early maturing. Vegetation period - 40-50 days. The rosette of leaves is small. The leaves are rounded, strongly folded, blister-swollen. The head of cabbage is medium-sized, loose. The variety is intended for closed ground, but it can also be grown in open ground with early sowing and winter sowing. With late spring crops, it quickly forms a flower stalk.

Berlin yellow. Mid-season variety. Vegetation period - 60-75 days. The head of cabbage is quite large - 150 g, medium density. The leaves are yellow-green, strongly ruffled. Designed for open ground.

May. Mid-early. Vegetation period - 50-60 days, head of cabbage - 100 g. Medium density. The leaves are light green with yellow and with reddish pigmentation along the edge. It is grown up in an open ground at early terms of crops.

Ramses. Mid-season, productive variety. Vegetation period - 50-60 days. The leaf is oval, slightly wavy. The head of cabbage is rounded, average density. Taste qualities are good. It is intended for cultivation in an open ground.

Large-headed. Medium late variety. Vegetation period: 70-10.0 days. Average weight: 400-500g. Stem resistant. Grown in the spring and summer in open ground.

Ice mountain. Late ripe variety. Vegetation period: 75-100 days. Heads of cabbage are large, dense. The leaves are crispy and juicy. Grown outdoors for use in summer and autumn.

Lettuce cultivation and care

The plot for the salad is prepared in the fall. Under plowing, organic fertilizers (compost, humus) are applied; on infertile soils, the application rate increases. Phosphorus and potash fertilizers are also best applied in the fall.

Lettuce is grown by sowing seeds in the ground or seedlings. Head lettuce is grown in open and protected ground. Crop care consists of loosening row spacings, weeding and thinning. Thickened crops give low yields, as the plants lack nutrition and moisture. Varieties of head lettuce according to the timing of the onset of technical ripeness of the head and seed ripening are divided into early, mid-season and late-ripening.

To obtain an early harvest in the open field, head lettuce is grown in seedlings in greenhouses or film shelters. Sowing dates are the third decade of March, the first and second decades of April. The soil mixture for growing seedlings is made up of humus, peat, sod land with the addition of: superphosphate, potassium chloride, lime. Sow in rows, the distance between which is 5 cm. After germination, thinning is carried out in a row by 3 cm. Seedlings are planted in open ground in the phase of three or four true leaves.

Seedlings are planted in early April in insulated soil. It can be grown in insulated soil as a compactor of early white and cauliflower. It is sown in open ground like a head lettuce. The crops are thinned out.

Asparagus lettuce is grown like romaine. For winter storage, it is sown from late May to late June. For asparagus lettuce, the feeding area is slightly larger than for romaine lettuce. Before the onset of frost, the plants are dug up, the lower and middle leaves are cut off and placed with the root in the basement, storage, greenhouse. For seed purposes, all varieties of lettuce should not be placed in very fertile areas, as they will grow strongly. Organic fertilizers are recommended to be applied under the previous crop. During the growing season, nitrogen should be excluded from top dressing. During the period of technical ripeness, impurities are removed, the plants are weak and diseased.

In late-ripening and mid-ripening head varieties, in the phase of technical ripeness, the head is cut for faster formation of the flower stem. 2-3 days after the incision, the lower leaves are removed. Flowering in lettuce is extended, and therefore the seeds do not ripen at the same time. Seed plants are harvested selectively as they mature. It is impossible to delay the harvesting of ripe seeds: in rainy weather, the plants are exposed to the disease.

Diseases, lettuce pests and control measures

Sclerotinia. Fungal disease. Young and seed plants are affected. In young plants, a white spot appears on the root collar. Then the lettuce withers. In seeds, the main stem is covered with a white fluffy coating on the outside, then breaks down and dies. The sources of the disease are the soil, infected plant residues.

Gray rot. Fungal disease. It affects young and seed plants. Sick plants are covered with a gray fluffy coating. The source of the disease is contaminated soil and plant debris. The development of the disease contributes to high humidity.

Control measures. The alternation of cultures. Removal of diseased plants. In protected ground - ventilation, compliance with the thermal regime.

Downy mildew. It mainly affects mature plants. The disease manifests itself on the underside of the leaf in the form of white spots (colonies of spores of the fungus). Sources of infection soil, plant debris.

Control measures. Not too thickened crops and plantings. Moderate watering. In protected ground - regular ventilation.

A dangerous pest is the lettuce fly, which lays eggs on open flowers; the larvae hatching from the eggs eat out young seeds and receptacles. Adult caterpillars are also harmful by eating young seeds. Caterpillars overwinter in the soil.

Control measures. Deep plowing of the site, alternation of crops. Spraying seed plants with phosphamide at a concentration of 0.2% during flies.

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K category: Biological features

Salad

Lettuce is an early ripening vegetable crop. Leaves or heads are eaten. It is a source of many vitamins and minerals. Due to the precocity, the lettuce crop can be obtained continuously from May to September, sowing seeds at different times.

Lettuce is an annual cold-resistant plant. Seeds germinate at a temperature of 4-5 °C, seedlings tolerate frosts down to -2 °C, and seedlings and adult plants - up to -6 °C. The root system is highly branched, located in the upper soil layer. Lettuce is very photophilous and prefers fertile soils, however, it reacts negatively to a high concentration of fertilizers, especially mineral ones.

The salad contains many different vitamins (C, B, B2, PP, P, provitamin A) and substances that calm the nervous system and improve sleep. It is consumed fresh with vinegar and oil, or combined with various vegetables. Adding it to meat, fish and potato dishes not only improves the taste, but also significantly increases their digestibility.

Lettuce is a cold-resistant and early ripening crop. Often he is the first to appear on the table. And it can be sown before winter - mass germination of seeds begins already at a temperature of 4 degrees. In hot dry weather, it shoots quickly and practically does not produce marketable products.

This vegetable is very demanding on soil and air moisture, as well as soil fertility. In autumn, 3-4 kg of humus, 20-30 g of potassium chloride and 10-15 g of superphosphate per 1 m2 should be added under the salad, and in spring - 40-50 g of ammonium nitrate, 10-15 g table salt and 200-300 g of lime.

Lettuce is divided into three groups: head, leaf and romaine lettuce. For constant consumption during the summer period, it is necessary to select a set different varieties lettuce and determine the timing of their sowing. Leaf lettuce is ripe for consumption 30-35 days, head lettuce 40-60 days, and romaine lettuce 60-70 days after sowing.

On household plots, it is advisable to grow head lettuce seedlings. Seedlings are planted at 15-20 days of age, with 2-3 leaves.
When sowing seeds in the garden, rows are marked after 45 cm. Seeds are sown after 2-4 cm and planted to a depth of 1-2 cm. Seedlings appear on the 5-7th day after sowing. As the plants grow, they are thinned out and used for food. The scheme for planting seedlings of early ripening varieties is 20 × 20 cm, late-ripening - 25 × 25 cm.

Care of crops consists in keeping the soil clean from weeds and frequent watering. When watering, it is necessary to ensure that water does not fall on the leaves, since the leaves quickly rot from high humidity. The lettuce is harvested in the morning after the dew has dried. Cut off the heads or the whole plant with leaves with a knife, making sure that they are not covered with earth from the roots. After harvesting, the salad is not stored for a long time.

Varieties
The best varieties of lettuce for amateur vegetable growers of the Non-Chernozem Zone are as follows.

Moscow greenhouse
Mid-early, leafy. Plants shoot quickly. It takes 50-60 days from germination to consumer maturity. The leaves are pale green, delicate texture, juicy, good taste, the weight of one plant is up to 200 g.

Riga
Mid-season, leafy. Plants bloom late. It takes 60-70 days from germination to consumer maturity. The rosette of leaves is large, the leaves are yellowish-green in color, delicate texture, good taste. The mass of one plant is up to 300 g.

Festival
Mid-season, heady. Resistant to bloom. It takes 60-70 days from the appearance of seedlings to consumer maturity of heads of cabbage. The rosette of leaves is large, the leaves are light green in color, heads of cabbage are rounded, good taste, weighing up to 250 g.

large-headed
Mid-season. It blooms late: 60-70 days pass from the appearance of seedlings to the formation of consumer-grade heads of cabbage. The rosette of leaves is large, the head is rounded, weighing up to 300 g. The leaves are light green in color, the edge of the leaf is finely serrated.

Berlin yellow
Mid-season, heady. Relatively resistant to low temperatures. Blooms late.

It takes 60-70 days from the appearance of seedlings to consumer maturity of heads of cabbage. A head of cabbage is rounded, medium density, light yellow in color, weighing up to 200 g. The leaves are yellowish-green in color, delicate, oily taste.

Agricultural technology
Lettuce is placed on highly fertile soils rich in organic matter with a neutral or slightly acid reaction of the soil solution. The soil is best prepared in the fall, after harvesting the previous crop. If the soil is not fertile enough, then in the fall one or two buckets of manure or compost and mineral fertilizers are brought under the shovel: 40 g of superphosphate and 15 g of potassium chloride per 1 m2. In the spring, urea 20 g or ammonium nitrate 30 g are added to loosen the soil.

In the garden, lettuce is sown in early spring, as soon as the soil is ready for cultivation. For continuous production of fresh products throughout the season, lettuce is sown at intervals of 7-10 days, until August. Seeds are sown in shallow furrows on ridges in an ordinary way with a distance between rows of 15-20 cm, the seeding rate is 0.3 g per 1 m2. Seeding depth 0.5-1 cm.

When mass shoots appear in thickened places, the lettuce is thinned out, leaving distances in the row for leafy varieties of 6-8 cm, for head varieties - 10-15 cm.

To obtain early production, lettuce is grown in seedlings. Seedlings in the phase of 3-4 well-developed leaves are planted in open ground in late April - early May.

Early-ripening varieties are planted according to the scheme 15X15 cm, mid-season - 20X20 cm, late-ripening - 30X30 cm.

Lettuce harvesting begins when the plants form a rosette typical of the variety, but no later than the beginning of the appearance of the stem in some single plants. Cleaning is carried out in one step, pulling out the plants with roots. The yield is about 1 kg per 1 m2. Head varieties are harvested selectively, as consumer mature heads are formed. The head of cabbage is cut with a knife, removing the rotten lower leaves. The yield of head lettuce is 2-3 kg per 1 m2.

Lettuce is a leafy vegetable. Among the salad plants eaten fresh, it occupies the main place. It works best on humus loamy soil. In a crop rotation, it is placed in the second or first field.

Varieties of lettuce: 1) leaf lettuce (lettuce), which gives tender leaves, does not form a head; 2) head lettuce; 3) romaine lettuce (headed) with long leaves, for autumn culture.

Rice. 1. Head lettuce

Rice. 2. Romaine lettuce

The following copra are common: 1) Berlin yellow - the leaves are rounded, bubbly and folded, the color is yellow, shiny. Forms a head. The seeds are black. A common high yielding variety. 2) Maisky leaves are oval. A characteristic feature is the brown color of the head of cabbage along the upper edge of the leaves. The seeds are white. Early variety. 3) Grots-kopf (Stubborn) - the edges of the leaves are light brown. Soig late, produces heads of cabbage. The seeds are white. 4) Moscow greenhouse - oval-shaped leaves, with large bubbles. Early maturing variety, does not produce heads. Especially good for greenhouse culture. The seeds are black. 5) Crystal - fringed leaves. Gives a large head of cabbage, the seeds are white. 6) Ohio - late, heads of cabbage are large, reach 200-300 g, rosette leaves are blistered. When thinning this lettuce, a distance of 30 cm is left between plants in a row. 7) Ballon - a variety of romaine lettuce, has oval leaves, dark green in color. The head of cabbage is dense, elongated.

Lettuce is a cold hardy plant. To get early yields of ground lettuce, winter sowing should be applied in late October - early November, before the onset of persistent frosts. For such sowing, a flat area with fertile soil, free from weeds, is needed. Machine sowing is carried out with five-line tapes of a meter width. The distance between the tapes is 50 cm. The depth of embedding is 0.5-1 cm. In the spring, as soon as shoots appear, the soil should be loosened with hoes. It is necessary to choose a young lettuce gradually by thinning the plants in rows, leaving them 20 cm from one another (to obtain a head lettuce).

Spring sowing is done in late April - early May. Band sowing is carried out with row seeders on a flat surface. The distance between the ribbons is 50 cm. In fertile areas, leaf lettuce should be sown randomly on low meter-wide ridges.

Leaving consists in a shelf and a breakthrough in the rows, which are made when choosing a commercial lettuce. As the lettuce ripens, the roots are pulled out and tightly placed in baskets and sieves. When laying the sieve put on the edge.

Biological features

Lettuce is eaten raw. The nutritional value of lettuce is due to the content of protein substances, mineral salts and vitamins in it. Nitrogen substances in lettuce are over 31% (of dry matter). Of the mineral components of lettuce, phosphorus and iron should be noted. Lettuce is very rich in vitamins B and A, it also contains a small amount of vitamin C. The bitterness of lettuce depends on the content of a specific substance - lactucin.

There are 3 varieties of lettuce: 1) leafy, giving a product in the form of leaves, 2) head, forming a head, going, like leaves, into a salad, and 3) romaine lettuce, in which straight, almost smooth leaves form a loose elongated head.

Lettuce is an annual self-pollinating plant from the Compositae family. However, cross-pollination does occur in some cases. Therefore, in varietal seed production, lettuce crops different varieties in open places should be located at a distance of 50-100 m.

Lettuce is the fastest growing vegetable plant. The vegetative period from germination to the beginning of technical ripeness for leafy varieties is 30-45 days (with a greenhouse crop - 20 days), for head varieties - 55-96 days and for romaine lettuce - 70-100 days.

Lettuce is a cold-resistant plant; it can grow at a temperature of 5 °. Hardened lettuce in the rosette phase can withstand frosts down to -5, -6°, but flowering plants are damaged by frosts of -2, -3°. The optimal temperature for lettuce growth is 15-20°, but the most dense heads are formed when the temperature drops to 12-14'°' at night.

During the period of flowering and seed ripening, lettuce needs sunny weather and fever. Early ripening lettuce varieties at a temperature of 2.5-5 ° pass through the vernalization stage in 10 days, and summer ground varieties - in 20 days. Therefore, forcing varieties, when sown in open ground, shoot faster than summer ground varieties. Presowing vernalization of lettuce shortens the growing season. In head varieties, presowing vernalization often leads to the loss of the head formation phase.

Lettuce is a long day plant. A long day encourages lettuce to shoot faster.

Lettuce is a photophilous plant. When the crops are thickened, it does not tie heads of cabbage well, after a longer period it gives a bad rosette of leaves, and the plants often fall ill.

Lettuce needs a constant supply of moisture, but excessive moisture is harmful to it, especially for head varieties, which in this case easily get sick. With excessive moisture, seed plants are also severely affected by diseases.

Varieties

Moscow greenhouse. Leaf variety. Received as a result of folk selection near Moscow. The leaves are horizontally arranged, pale green, oval, form a medium-sized rosette (26-29 cm). Seeds are brownish black. Very early ripening, ready for harvesting marketable products in 25-30 days after germination. Suitable for cultivation mainly in greenhouses and greenhouses.

Stone head. A common head variety. The socket is small. Heads of cabbage are rounded, with a run down, dense, small, weighing 50-60 g. Early ripening, forcing, for growing in protected ground. Under this name, 2 varieties are common: Stone head yellow - with yellowish-green leaves and Stone head green - with darker greenish leaves. The yellow stone head is more precocious than the green stone head.

Bettner distillation. Early ripening variety. Rosette small (18-19 cm), with slightly raised leaves. The leaves are small, light green, oily in texture. The head of cabbage is small, loose, rounded. Seeds are silver gray. Elite seeds are grown at the Gribovskaya vegetable breeding station. Suitable for protected ground.

May. A common head variety. Rosette medium size (16-23 cm). The leaves are yellowish green, with a reddish color along the edge, a reddish color is also present on the head. The head of cabbage is rounded and rounded-flat with a run down, of medium size and density (weighing 40-80 g), its leaves are tender, oily. Seeds are silver gray. Mid-early. Used for growing in greenhouses and open ground.

Features of growing for seeds

Due to its rapid growth and development, lettuce needs fertile loose soil with a large supply of nutrients. It is especially responsive to the introduction of nitrogen fertilizers to accelerate growth and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, which contribute to faster maturation. For lettuce, a neutral soil reaction is most desirable. Therefore, acidic soils lime.

Good predecessors for lettuce are row crops: carrots, beets. On farms, lettuce often occupies a small part of the area of vegetable crops. In addition to vegetable crop rotation fields, it is often located on a separate well-manured and insulated area.

Under the salad, organic fertilizers are best applied in the form of humus. On soils; well seasoned with organic matter, the effect of mineral fertilizers is very effective. For 1 hectare they apply: 3 quintals of nitrogen, 4 quintals of phosphorus and 3 quintals of potash fertilizers. It is better to apply mineral fertilizers in granular form to the rows when sowing.

The vegetation period of lettuce seed culture, depending on the variety and growing conditions, ranges from 115 to 180 days. In the northwestern zone, with early sowing in open ground, seeds can only be obtained by growing early-ripening varieties (Moscow greenhouse, Kamennaya head, Bethnera forcing, Maisky). It is necessary to sow early in the spring (April 25 - May 5) on the ridges prepared in the fall. Sowing 4-row along the ridges with row spacing of 25 cm. 2.5 kg of seeds are sown per G ha. Lettuce is fed with mineral fertilizers, if they were not applied during the main processing. Fertilizers are preferably applied in granular form. Top dressing is timed to coincide with the first and second thinning. Thin out in rows 2-3 times in order to obtain a final distance between testes of 50 cm. When thinning, diseased, weak, atypical plants are removed and the best, well-developed ones are left. In early August, cut off all branches with unblown flowers. If the tops of the flower shoots are not cut off, they continue to bloom until late autumn, which delays seed ripening and makes harvesting difficult.

To grow lettuce seedlings, seeds are sown in early April in greenhouses in rows with distances of 8 cm row by row. Care measures for lettuce seedlings: watering, loosening row spacing, airing greenhouses and thinning in rows. After 8-10 days after germination, they are thinned out for the first time by 3-4 cm from the plant, 15 days after the first, during the second thinning, the distance between plants is adjusted to 6-8 cm. After thinning, under each frame remains from 250 to 300 plants. In mid-May, seedlings are planted or on flat surface with row spacing of 50 cm and a distance between plants in rows of 25 cm, or on beds in 4 rows with a distance of 25 cm between rows and between plants in rows. Then, when thinning and cleaning, the testes are left at a distance of 50 cm.

When extracting seedlings from greenhouses, healthy, well-developed plants typical of the variety are selected for seedlings, the rest are rejected, removing all diseased plants. When planting seedlings, they water and make sure that the heart is not covered with earth.

Caring for planted seedlings consists in loosening the soil, shedding weeds, removing diseased plants and feeding. Loosening the soil and weeds is carried out in a timely manner, several times a summer, removing all diseased plants at the same time. Days 10-15 after planting, seedlings are fed with nitrogen fertilizers. The norm is 1-2 kg / ha. If phosphate and potash fertilizers were not applied during the main treatment, then they are applied as top dressings simultaneously with nitrogen fertilizers in the amount of 2-3 c/ha of phosphorus and 1-2 c/ha of potash. In the first half of August, late shoots are removed and branches with unblown flowers are cut off.

The maturation of the testicles is determined by the appearance of white fluffy bats and the darkening of the seed heads. Seeds do not ripen at the same time; mature seeds crumble easily. Therefore, cleaning is carried out selectively, in several stages. When harvesting, twigs with ripened baskets or whole most mature plants are cut off.

With simultaneous continuous harvesting, the plants are harvested with a sickle. To avoid shedding of seeds, the testes are harvested early in the morning due to dew or in the evening. Removed testicles Tie 3-4 into bundles and transport them to dry under a canopy or in a closed room. To avoid the loss of seeds during transportation and drying of the testes, a tarpaulin or burlap is laid under them. Dried seed plants are threshed with a small amount manually, and with a significant amount - on ordinary threshers. After cleaning on winnowers, the seeds are scattered in a thin layer on a tarpaulin in a ventilated room for final drying. After sorting the seeds, many baskets with unthreshed seeds remain in the heap. They are dried and threshed again.

Seeds, even when stored in a dry, cool room, remain viable only for 3-4 years. Seeds are very strongly damaged by mice.

- Salad

Sharons appeared on surfaces that were probably loose forest, but during our visit there was prey, sometimes the plants were damaged or destroyed over large areas. However, it seemed to us that mining, if it does not violate the water regime of the habitat and the large destruction of the soil surface, does not mean the disappearance of this phenomenon. The growing composition of pastures in the past is quite difficult to create an idea. In the lowlands, of course, due to the higher humidity, a layer of organic detritus is formed to the humus.

Now a note about , some of which will already apply in general to other objects. With a light greenish red Venace, then enter a narrower pitcher and sharply colored red. The problem of pubescent hair is also very interesting, when the types are almost naked, and the types are strongly venous. It grows in the wettest places and produces richly. Variability appears in the shape of the cuticle, but the beak goes around the circle. Great variability lies in the color of pearls from dark red to almost orange.

Only minimal insects were found in the traps. An unmistakable hybrid with the previously mentioned species has also been found. These populations grow only in the southernmost islands - the states of Florida, Alabama and Mississippi - and are isolated from adjacent phenomena. They are relatively uniform in appearance and at the same time distinct from others, so they deserve a certain degree of taxonomic differentiation at the level of diversity to subspecies.

It is very rarely present in the area - it is not very common in other areas and shows a definite preference for growth near bushes. We were enthusiastic about each little Sarah and constantly assured that this is already a subspecies. The enormous variability and number of transitional forms often led us to confuse our heads turning.

This vegetable is very demanding on soil and air moisture, as well as soil fertility. In autumn, 3-4 kg of humus, 20-30 g of potassium chloride and 10-15 g of superphosphate per 1 m2 should be added under the salad, and 40-50 g of ammonium nitrate, 10-15 g of table salt and 200-300 g of lime in spring.

During flowering, due to their color, it is possible that some of the shells are no longer intractable. Almost everywhere we have seen this species found no flower stalks, and if they were very rare, no seeds were created. Leaving this site, we caught the local sheriff and a random neighbor might have a curious look at the car with his hands on the hood while the fat black man dug in his car. We found out he's looking for drugs. We didn't have one, but we couldn't tell what the policeman in our car would add to the internal balance.

Luckily, he gave up a bit. But we don't have any Sarah, there are cotton fields everywhere. Fortunately, however, this was the only place where the Schnell tip did not work. In the morning we continue to explore the hopeful places near Mobile Bay and we are again very happy.

Lettuce is divided into three groups: head, leaf and romaine lettuce. For constant consumption during the summer period, it is necessary to select a set of different varieties of lettuce and determine the timing of their sowing. Leaf lettuce is ripe for consumption 30-35 days, head lettuce 40-60 days, and romaine lettuce 60-70 days after sowing.

During the day, we drive to Mississippi, where Sarah's habitats are perhaps most numerous in the border area around Highway 10. We see beautiful pine forests with wetlands everywhere, and sometimes we see Sarah right from the car. We have a few stops, but nothing new surprises us. When a species is more common, the occurrence of hybrids is logically reduced and is often limited to single tufts as the chance of pollination by extraneous poles is reduced. We sleep in the De Soto National Forest.

It grows not in abundance, but in the wettest places. This is unmistakable due to the rich red leaves and the large size of the leaf rosettes - the largest is about 14 cm in diameter. The color of leaf rosettes varies even under the same lighting conditions. Then we almost enjoy the wetlands and carnivores and head into the Texas wilderness. We leave Mississippi and we have a long way to Louisiana, full cravings for the alligator menu, or matches with these reptiles, casino visits, etc. we traverse long flyovers through thousands of shallow wetlands locally called "buoys" and across the Mississippi River in Baton Rouge, the capital of Louisiana.

We go to Texas and visit the American All You Can Eat pizzeria where you pay $8 and then you can eat as much as you want. For Bohemia, of course, quite a big problem of overcrowding. We think about what business will look like in our country.

We sleep in the rain near the Great Bush National Wildlife Refuge. This place attracted us from the very beginning due to one of Sarah's westernmost experiences. The plants are quite light green. The grooves are big, very big, and probably very old. We'll continue, we've lowered the city speed limit a bit, and we've got two sheriffs interested. After explaining to us that we were going too fast, they were looking for drugs. We seem to be a drug dealer or a suspect car in Miami, or both.

Varieties
The best varieties of lettuce for amateur vegetable growers of the Non-Chernozem Zone are as follows.

The Texas police are much more inconvenient than the "black sheriff" in Alabama, they are state young guns in bulletproof vests who are afraid. Also, the leader of the patrol apparently decided to find and search the car very carefully, and finds from things like tweezers and scissors strengthen him, believing that he is on the right track. His colleague who is watching us has not yet explained how the Czech Republic is improving drug laws and that we know nothing about drugs when he starts to convince our colleague that we are definitely not guilty.

But after a few minutes in front of the boss, with great disgust, he abandoned the search and fired us. We took a deep breath, but we try to look neutral to make sure we don't really have anything. The fact is that we finally apologized and thanked for the cooperation, which we would not expect in other countries, including ours. This tour influenced our determination to limit the speed as much as possible so that we would not get into trouble again. Luckily, it's not that hard in Texas because the speed of the village is unlimited, which is part of the pride of Texas that it's not limited, and the speed is reduced only in cities.

Berlin yellow
Mid-season, heady. Relatively resistant to low temperatures. Blooms late.

We're going to Houston, the skyscraper wall is already there. We head to Laredo, the landscape is changing, the trees are thinning out, the Spanish inscriptions are getting bigger. There are also various mining towers, oil refineries, gas cylinders. Again, this is a faucet business, here is an even rarer white American faucet. Unfortunately, we are about 14 days faster, so we find out that the taps are still in Nebraska. The area is nice, very different from what we have seen so far, unfortunately the presence of mosquitoes is the main obstacle for a longer stay and one night is enough.

We come to Corpus Christi, there is high sea level flooding everywhere after some storm, but we wander along the beach to a bath in the Gulf of Mexico, we definitely can't miss it. The rest of the time we head west, observing the gradual change of the landscape to the half-timbered. We drive most of the night, we sleep on the road, and in the morning, at dawn, we look around the desert landscape near Big Bend National Park. From the desert, we are very excited, we have nothing against wetlands, but the opposite extreme is also interesting.

Most carnivores probably also started out with cacti and succulents like us, so they will understand our enthusiasm when they first look at cacti in their natural environment. We are also shocked when the first gallant comes along the road. The truth is, if it hadn't bloomed, we might have missed it. The Rio Grande flows into the mighty Bocadillo Canyon and is spectacular. So a great river in the desert is a powerful experience, it is very muddy and has a very strong flow. We sleep inside the park in one of the possible hostels where you can stay for free when you check in at the visitor center.

When mass shoots appear in thickened places, the lettuce is thinned out, leaving distances in the row for leafy varieties of 6-8 cm, for head varieties - 10-15 cm.

To obtain early production, lettuce is grown in seedlings. Seedlings in the phase of 3-4 well-developed leaves are planted in open ground in late April - early May.

Early-ripening varieties are planted according to the scheme 15X15 cm, mid-season - 20X20 cm, late-ripening - 30X30 cm.

The next day we will go to the mountainous part of the park, where the peaks are about 300 meters from the hotel. On one of them, Lost Mountain Peak, we scratch. Then we can still get a glimpse of the surroundings of Cascolon and Santa Elena Canyon, which is truly magnificent and envied when yachtsmen pass around to see the canyon from the water. We sleep in the park again, it's a beautiful peaceful evening with a beautiful west, really good. Also, the Evening Desert looks like it's another dimension, it amplifies its smells, sounds, so that other senses can be used more strongly in the eyes.

Evening dinners are some of the best travel memories. In the morning we decided to visit the Carlsbad Caverns in New Mexico, about 500 miles away, so we race all day. The bandwidth crossing gives us an extra hour and we are optimistic. We head into the desert lands to the north, settlements very far apart, often between 50 and 80 miles. Fort Davis is already getting a bit more of a prairie look due to the grass. We cross the very beautiful Davis Hills with rich junipers.

We are also enjoying the beautiful mountains with the dreaded name Sierra Diablo, and now we are approaching the highest mountain in Texas - Guadalupe. Cruise speed road rules are brutally crossed again, even though they have speed controls in New Mexico, we're cruising at about 100 mph and we're just mumbling about 10 minutes late. So let's take a look down, at least on the elevator, where the most are visible, and this visit confirms that we want to see the cave again and descend into it by a natural entrance from the surface.

Lettuce is a leafy vegetable. Among the salad plants eaten fresh, it occupies the main place. It works best on humus loamy soil. In a crop rotation, it is placed in the second or first field.

Varieties of lettuce: 1) leaf lettuce (lettuce), which gives tender leaves, does not form a head; 2) head lettuce; 3) romaine lettuce (headed) with long leaves, for autumn culture.

So we stay in the vicinity of the caves until the next day and in the evening we visit a backyard trip, but they were unable to fly due to the season. Otherwise, this cave is famous for its huge colonies of bats. In the morning we are the first visitors to the caves, we meet alone, there is a route and there are no guides. The decoration of the caves is exceptionally rich, so we do not regret the big delay. In Carlsbad, we still visit Living Desert State Park, a small zoological and botanical garden showcasing the local desert flora and fauna.

Rice. 1. Head lettuce

Rice. 2. Romaine lettuce

Biological features

Lettuce is an annual self-pollinating plant from the Compositae family. However, cross-pollination does occur in some cases. Therefore, in varietal seed production, lettuce crops of different varieties in open areas should be located at a distance of 50-100 m.

During flowering and seed ripening, lettuce needs sunny weather and elevated temperatures. Early ripening lettuce varieties at a temperature of 2.5-5 ° pass through the vernalization stage in 10 days, and summer ground varieties - in 20 days. Therefore, forcing varieties, when sown in open ground, shoot faster than summer ground varieties. Presowing vernalization of lettuce shortens the growing season. In head varieties, presowing vernalization often leads to the loss of the head formation phase.

Lettuce is a long day plant. A long day encourages lettuce to shoot faster.

Lettuce is a photophilous plant. When the crops are thickened, it does not tie heads of cabbage well, after a longer period it gives a bad rosette of leaves, and the plants often fall ill.

Varieties

Features of growing for seeds

In view of the rapid growth and development of lettuce, it needs fertile loose soil with a large margin. It is especially responsive to the introduction of nitrogen fertilizers to accelerate growth and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, which contribute to faster maturation. For lettuce, a neutral soil reaction is most desirable. Therefore, acidic soils lime.

The vegetation period of lettuce seed culture, depending on the variety and growing conditions, ranges from 115 to 180 days. In the northwestern zone, with early sowing in open ground, seeds can only be obtained by growing early-ripening varieties (Moscow greenhouse, Kamennaya head, Bethnera forcing, Maisky). It is necessary to sow early in the spring (April 25 - May 5) on the ridges prepared in the fall. Sowing 4-row along the ridges with row spacing of 25 cm. 2.5 kg of seeds are sown per G ha. Lettuce is fed with mineral fertilizers, if they were not applied during the main processing. Fertilizers are preferably applied in granular form. Top dressing is timed to coincide with the first and second thinning. Thin out in rows 2-3 times in order to obtain a final distance between testes of 50 cm. When thinning, diseased, weak, atypical plants are removed and the best, well-developed ones are left. In early August, cut off all branches with unblown flowers. If the tops of the flower shoots are not pruned, then they continue to bloom until late autumn, which delays seed ripening and makes harvesting difficult.

To grow lettuce seedlings, seeds are sown in early April in greenhouses in rows with distances of 8 cm row by row. Care measures for lettuce seedlings: watering, loosening row spacing, airing greenhouses and thinning in rows. After 8-10 days after germination, they are thinned out for the first time by 3-4 cm from the plant, 15 days after the first, during the second thinning, the distance between plants is adjusted to 6-8 cm. After thinning, under each frame remains from 250 to 300 plants. In mid-May, seedlings are planted either on a flat surface with a row spacing of 50 cm and a distance between plants in rows of 25 cm, or on ridges in 4 rows at a distance of 25 cm between rows and between plants in rows. Then, when thinning and cleaning, the testes are left at a distance of 50 cm.

Seeds, even when stored in a dry, cool room, remain viable only for 3-4 years. Seeds are very strongly damaged by mice.

Properly selected varieties of lettuce will help diversify the summer menu and fill the diet biologically. beneficial substances, fiber, trace elements and vitamins. It is necessary to choose the right varieties of leaf lettuce.

Salad It is an annual plant from the Asteraceae family. Its homeland is the Mediterranean coast. Lettuce is one of the oldest cultivated vegetable crops. It was grown by the ancient Egyptians, Romans and Greeks. It entered Russia in the 12th century. Currently, lettuce is widely cultivated in all countries of the world, being one of the main vegetable crops. In our country, lettuce is cultivated on a small scale, and its production is concentrated near large cities, many gardeners willingly grow it in their backyards.

Salad- an extremely valuable early ripening vegetable crop. It contains almost all currently known vitamins, a significant amount of salts of iron, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, organic acids, pectins, folic acid. Due to the high content of these physiologically active compounds, lettuce improves metabolism, improves blood composition, normalizes the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, and increases vitality. The use of lettuce in the daily diet is an excellent prophylactic against many diseases.

Of the nutrients in the leaves, the substances contain 1.2% sugar, 2.3% protein. Lettuce leaves are used raw mainly for cooking. various salads, while the leaves are used only until the formation of the flower arrow, since with its appearance the leaves show a bitter taste. Lettuce has three varieties: leaf, head and romaine lettuce: leaf lettuce forms only a rosette of juicy leaves; head lettuce forms more or less dense small heads of rounded or rounded flat shape; romaine lettuce forms elongated heads.

The leaves are light, yellow and dark green, sometimes with red or brown anthocyanin pigmentation in the form of spots along the edges or all over the surface. The edge of the leaf is solid, serrated, wavy, scalloped, and the surface of the leaf itself is from smooth to strongly bubbled. The flower-bearing stem is 60-100 cm high, the inflorescence is a basket, the seeds are small with a tufted fly. Lettuce is a self-pollinating crop.

Salad- long-day cold-resistant culture, can grow at + 5 °C, the optimum temperature for growth is + 18 °C. Plants easily tolerate light frosts.

Lettuce makes high demands on soil fertility and moisture. With a lack of moisture, the yield drops sharply, the plant quickly switches to flowering. Excessive moisture leads to a strong defeat of the leaves by fungal diseases. Head lettuce is more demanding on light intensity than leaf lettuce.

Moscow greenhouse. Leaf lettuce of medium early ripening, from mass shoots to the onset of economic suitability, 45–60 days pass, but in our gardens they practically begin to harvest it much earlier. The rosette of leaves is semi-raised, about 22 cm in diameter. The leaf is pale green, entire. The texture of the leaves is delicate, the taste is sweet, without bitterness. The mass of one plant is 70 - 100 grams. The grade is widely used at cultivation on early production in the open and protected ground.

Large-headed. Mid-season variety. Vegetation period 54–67 days. The rosette is semi-raised, large, 30–35 cm in diameter. The head is round-oval, 10–14 cm in diameter. yellow-green. The grade is used for cultivation in an open ground and in film greenhouses.

Salad Festival

Salad Festival- this is a mid-season variety, from germination to technical ripeness 71 days. The socket is large, the head of cabbage is rounded, dense. The mass of one plant is 115–300 g, the mass of a head of cabbage is 90–125 g. It is recommended for cultivation in open ground.

Berlin yellow salad

Berlin yellow salad- this is a mid-season variety, from germination to technical ripeness 73 days. Rosette with a diameter of 24–29 cm, the leaf is light green with yellowness. The head of cabbage is round, loose or medium density, light yellow, weighing 104–200 g. It is recommended for cultivation in open ground and film greenhouses.

Salad Kucheryavets

Salad Kucheryavets- this is a medium-late variety, the period from germination to technical ripeness is 68–75 days. The leaf is light green, the edge of the leaf is scalloped. Head loose, weighing about 200 grams. Recommended for cultivation in open and protected ground.

Other varieties are also cultivated, such as: Riga, Azart, Kucheryavets, Gribovsky, New Year.

Varieties of head lettuce of Dutch selection: Amulet, Bastion, Vicki, Crestel, Sanora.

Agricultural technology

In the garden, lettuce should be grown in the second year after applying organic fertilizers. If organic fertilizers were not applied under the previous crop, then 4–5 kg / m2 of humus or compost are directly given under the salad. With a small garden plot, a separate area is not allotted for lettuce: it is grown in front of late-grown crops, tomato and mid-ripening cabbage, or as a compactor for other plants. To create a conveyor for the continuous flow of fresh produce, sowing should be carried out in small areas with an interval of 10-14 days, starting from the end of April. Plots with the most early term sowing should be covered with a film, which will further accelerate the flow of the crop. Leaf lettuce is sown row by row at a distance of 15–20 cm, head lettuce - 25–30 cm, the seeds are planted to a depth of 1.5–2.0 cm, after sowing the rows are mulched.

General plant care- weeding, thinning, loosening, watering. With dense seedlings, the plants stretch out, are easily affected by diseases, and head varieties do not form a head. Leaf lettuce is thinned out when shoots appear, leaving 2 cm between plants in a row, thinned out again in the phase of 3 true leaves - by 7 cm. For head lettuce, 8 cm is left during the first thinning, and 25 cm at the second, depending on the variety. In fertile areas, fertilizing is not carried out. Water the salad sparingly. Excess moisture is especially dangerous after the leaves close in rows and head out.

For an earlier harvest, you can use the seedling method of growing. Sowing is carried out in early April in small boxes, seedlings in the phase of the first true leaf dive into pots with a diameter of 5 cm or into boxes according to the scheme 5–5 cm. By the time of planting, the seedlings should have 4 true leaves.

Harvest as heads or rosettes of leaves are formed. Leaf lettuce is usually pulled out with the root system, and in head varieties, the head is cut off with a knife and the lower damaged and yellowed leaves are removed. Cleaning is best done in the morning, but only when the leaves are dry from dew. Store lettuce in perforated plastic bags, avoiding wilting heads or rosettes.

salad dishes

The lettuce is mainly eaten raw to prepare various vegetable salads, but it is also boiled and fried. We offer simple and delicious salad dishes for home cooking.

Sandwiches with salad. Sandwiches will be tastier and healthier if slices of bread, spread with butter, are covered with lettuce leaves, and pieces of meat, ham or fish (sprat, herring, sardines) are placed on top.

Salad with cucumbers and tomatoes. Cut the washed and dried lettuce leaves, cucumbers and tomatoes and put them in a salad bowl. Season with sour cream and finely chopped hard-boiled egg. Salt, sugar, vinegar add to taste. In order for the salad not to lose its tenderness, it should not be prepared in advance, before serving.

Salad with vinegar and oil. Cut the washed and dried leaves and put in a salad bowl. Before serving, pour vegetable oil and vinegar on the table, mix, sprinkle with dill or parsley, salt.

Salad soup. Scald the leaves with boiling water, put in a colander, pour over with cold water, let the water drain, then lightly sauté with butter, add milk sauce and cook at a low boil for 20 minutes, then wipe, and bring to a boil in the same sauce. Fill with cream and butter.

stewed salad. 7 heads of lettuce, cut into 4 pieces each, rinse well and simmer under a lid in a small amount of butter. Add 300 g of sour cream sauce, dilute with meat broth. Before serving, add 100 g of green peas stewed in butter.

salad: photo gallery (click to enlarge):

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Lettuce varieties can be divided into four types: leaf, head, romaine and stem.

Let's try together to understand the variety of salads and the features of their agricultural technology.

Breakaway leaf lettuce differs in that leaves are plucked from it without pulling out the plants. The leaves are large, whole (oblong, triangular, fan-shaped) or carved (oak-leaved, dissected).

Let's name the varieties:

Ballet- for growing in protected ground in winter and early spring, in beds - all summer. The leaf is crisp, dark green, large, fan-shaped, the edge of the leaf is scalloped. Resistant to shooting and lack of light. Plant weight 300-600 g.

Dubachek MS- for open ground. The leaves are light green, oaky. Weighs up to 250 g. Resistant to shooting.

Robin- oaky, similar to Dubachek MC, but the leaves are less juicy and are colored with anthocyanin in an intense purple-cherry color.

Emerald- for winter-spring circulation. Mid-season. The leaf is obovate, dark green, finely bubbling. Plant weight 60 g. Does not grow old for a long time on the vine, excellent taste, resistant to stalking.

Cricet- for protected (sowing from February) and open ground. Early ripe, ripens in 40-45 days. The leaf is thin, the color is from light green to yellowish. The weight of one plant is 250 g. Resistant to stalking and heat.

Other varieties: Riga, Red fire, Kamarnyansky, Moscow greenhouse, New Year's.

head salads

There are two types of head salads: oily and crunchy. In England, Spain, Australia, Japan, the latter are grown mainly, in France and other countries of Western Europe - the former.

Headed (half-headed) lettuce ripens longer than leaf lettuce. After 45-60 days from the emergence of seedlings, a head of various shapes and densities is formed.

At oily salads the outer leaves, forming a head, are tender, thin, and the inner ones feel like oily to the touch.

Berlin yellow- for open ground.

The leaves are light green with a yellowish tint. A head of cabbage weighs up to 300 g, medium density.

Festival- for open ground. The leaves are green with a grayish bloom, the edge is slightly wavy. A head of cabbage weighing up to 400 g, dense, white-yellow inside.

noran- for protected ground. Head of cabbage up to 250 g. The leaves are pale green with a slightly wavy edge.

Kado(semi-headed) - for open ground. Mid-season, ripens in 35-70 days from germination. The leaf is reddish with a strong solid anthocyanin coloration. A head of cabbage weighs 200 g.

Moscow region- for open ground. Medium-early, rounded head of cabbage weighing 200 g ripens in 40-70 days. The leaf is green. A ripe head of cabbage does not lose its qualities in the vine for up to ten days.

Sesame(semi-headed) - universal. Mid-season, ripens in 45-60 days. The leaf is dark green with a strong anthocyanin coloration. A round head weighs 300 g.

Other varieties: Attraction, Stubborn painted, Contribution, Libuza.

The most famous of the crispy - Kucheryavey, Odessa(semi-headed), but there are also new ones: Olympus, Olympus, Tarzan, Keltic, Roxette, Saladin, Quick, Siren.

Clavier(semi-headed) - for open ground. The leaves are dark green, fan-shaped. A head of cabbage weighs up to 500 g. It is not inferior in density to a cabbage fork.

large-headed- for open ground, can be grown in spring and summer. The leaves in the rosette are light green with pale pink pigmentation along the edge, fan-shaped. Round head up to 400 g, light yellow inside.

Romaine salads

Romaine lettuce forms an oblong head of different density (depending on the variety). The leaves in the rosette are directed vertically upwards, which is typical only for varieties of this group. Imported seed bags are usually labeled Cos.

Veradarts- head salad. The head of cabbage is elongated-oval. The outer leaves are green and the inner leaves are light green.

Other varieties: Parisian, Soviet, Balon.

stem salads

Determine readiness for harvesting by the size of the rosette and the density of the head, typical for this variety. To make sure the head is firm enough, lightly press the back of your hand against the plant. If the leaf does not bend, it is impossible to delay harvesting - most varieties become bitter after stemming begins, with the exception of leafy ones. Heads are harvested by cutting them at the base with a few fresh rosette leaves.

do not thicken the sowing, follow the recommended planting pattern;
when planting seedlings, do not bury the root neck;
do not dry out the soil.

	Salad	Nettle	snyt
Protein,%	0,6-2,9	5,2	1,7
Sugar, %	0,1-4	1	1,4
Vitamin C, mg%	7-40	200	155
Carotene, mg%	0,6-6	8-50	1,9
Fe, mg%	0,9	41	16,6
Si, mg%	1,2	1,3	2
MP, mg%	3,2	8,2	2,1
B, mg%	1,8	4,3	4

The combination of trace elements of iron, copper and manganese makes gout suitable for therapeutic nutrition in some forms of anemia. Snot is used as an analgesic, wound healing, emollient.

In the southern bazaars, vegetable greens are shifted with gout so that it retains freshness for a long time.

Snyt is harvested for future use, it is salted, fermented, pickled and dried, and in winter they bake pies and prepare various seasonings. In Chuvashia, gout soup "Serde" is a traditional folk dish.

So, when growing cultivated plants, do not neglect wild ones.

Head salad Berlin yellow. Salad Berlin yellow JOHNSONS

Let's name the varieties:

head salads

Romaine salads

stem salads

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Salad

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salad dishes

salad: photo gallery (click to enlarge):

Let's name the varieties:

head salads

Romaine salads

stem salads

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